Skip to main content

Psychological Mechanisms

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

Synonyms

Psychological processes; Mental mechanisms; Cognitive systems

Definition

Psychological mechanisms are the processes and systems, or activities and entities, frequently appealed to in causal explanations within the psychological sciences.

Introduction

In the most inclusive sense, psychological mechanisms offer a type of causal explanation of mental states and behavior, often with reference to underlying processes, systems, activities, or entities. By postulating and investigating such mechanisms, researchers have sought explanations of a wide range of psychological phenomena. However, the concept has been deployed in dramatically different ways, with very different meanings, depending upon the particular school or tradition of psychology (and specific research program therein). In fact, usage has been so diverse as to defy easy categorization or definition. But a historical perspective, even if rather selective, can trace the broad outlines of the significance of psychological...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 3,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 5,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amsel, A., & Rashotte, M. E. (1977). Entwicklungsrichtungen der S-R-Lerntheorien in Amerika. Mit spezieller Berücksichtigung Clark L. Hulls, seiner Vorgänger und Nachfolger. In H. Zeier (Ed.), Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts (Vol. 4, pp. 57–82). Zurich: Kindler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, H. (2014). A field guide to mechanisms: Part I & II. Philosophy Compass, 9(4), 274–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. M. (1902). Dictionary of philosophy and psychology. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel, W. (2008). Mental mechanisms: Philosophical perspectives on cognitive neuroscience. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel, W., & Richardson, R. C. (2010). Discovering complexity: Decomposition and localization as strategies in scientific research. MIT Press. (Originally published by Princeton University Press in 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1893–1895). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Studies on Hysteria, Vol. II, pp. 1–17). London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coltheart, M. (2006). What has functional neuroimaging told us about the mind (so far)? Cortex, 42, 323–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craver, C. (2007). Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Craver, C. & Tabery, J. (2016). Mechanisms in science. In N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/science-mechanisms/.

  • Descartes, R. (1644/1973). Principia philosophiae. Amsterdam: Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1893/1999). Ãœber den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene (Vortrag). In Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke (Nachtragsband, pp. 181–195). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1915a). Die Verdrängung. In Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke (Vol. 10, pp. 248–261). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1915b). Das Unbewusste. In Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke (Vol. 10, pp. 264–303). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1926/1999). Hemmung, Symptom und Angst. In Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke (Vol. 14, pp. 111–205). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, A. (1937/1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1968/1999). Abwehrmechanismus. In Sigmund Freud. Gesammelte Werke (Registerband 18th ed.). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, H. (1939). Ego psychology and the problem of adaptation. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1930). Knowledge and purpose as habit mechanisms. Psychological Review, 37(6), 511–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1937). Mind, mechanism, and adaptive behavior. Psychological Review, 44(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. Oxford: Appleton Century.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laplanche, J., & Pontalis, J. B. (1967). Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leahey, T. H. (1987). A history of psychology: Main currents in psychological thought. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leys, R. (2000). Trauma. A genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Masserman, J. H. (1943). Behavior and neurosis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, H. (1889). Die traumatischen Neurosen nach den in der Nervenklinik Charité in den letzten 5 Jahren gesammelten Beobachtungen. Berlin: Hirschwald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauly, P. J. (1987). Controlling life: Jacques Loeb and the engineering ideal in biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberger, H. J. (1997). Toward a history of epistemic things: Synthesizing proteins in the test tube. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberger, H. J. (2010). An epistemology of the concrete: Twentieth-century histories of life. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, G. (1992). Mental machinery. The origins and consequences of psychological ideas. Part I: 1600–1850. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, G. (2010). Putting psychology in its place. Critical historical perspectives. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shallice, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1914/1967). Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C., & Bechtel, W. (2006). Mechanisms and psychological explanation. In P. Thagard (Ed.), Handbook of the philosophy of science. Philosophy of psychology and cognitive science (pp. 31–79). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ulrich Koch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Koch, U., Cratsley, K. (2020). Psychological Mechanisms. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1562

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics