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Resilience of the Marine Animal Forest: Lessons from Maldivian Coral Reefs After the Mass Mortality of 1998

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Marine Animal Forests

Abstract

Resilience is the ability of the ecosystem to recover after a perturbation. Assessing the resilience of marine ecosystems in the face of the increasing disturbance regime has become a major concern for their conservation. Among marine ecosystems, animal forests are expectedly little resilient. Their recovery may take long, increasing the risk of hysteresis and phase shift. Historical data series for most animal forests are virtually inexistent due to the challenging difficulty of the study of deep- and cold-water habitats. Tropical coral reefs, thriving in warm shallow waters, have undoubtedly been the best studied example of animal forest for a long time and may therefore provide ideas and concepts to be applied to the study of other animal forests. In this chapter, a historical data series on the coral reefs of the Maldives, which suffered mass mortality following the bleaching caused by the extreme El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode of 1998, is analyzed using an array of different descriptors to measure resilience. According to the specific descriptor considered, resilience varied between 4 and 16+ years, but full recovery may even be considered unachieved, as there are species that have not come back yet. The main take-home message from this Maldivian example is the need of adopting several distinct descriptors to assess the resilience of animal forests. Concentrating on the demography of the dominant species is not sufficient to get a reliable measure of whole ecosystem resilience.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Lorenzo “Loran” Bramanti (Banyuls sur mer, France) for his kind invitation to write this chapter. Albatros Top Boat (Verbania and Milan, Italy, and Malé, Maldives) organized our scientific cruises in the Maldives. We especially thank Donatella “Dodi” Telli and Massimo Sandrini for their support. We wish to dedicate this chapter to the great Italian marine scientist Paolo Colantoni (1934–2015), who fostered our research in the Maldives and has been both a master and friend to all of us.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Carlo Nike Bianchi, Carla Morri, Roberta Lasagna & Monica Montefalcone

  2. CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007, Marseille, France

    Giulia Gatti

  3. CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, LABEX ‘CORAIL’, University of Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, cedex 9, Perpignan, France

    Valeriano Parravicini

  4. MARUM, Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, and ZMT, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology, Leobener Str. 20, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Alessio Rovere

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  1. Carlo Nike Bianchi
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  2. Carla Morri
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  3. Roberta Lasagna
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  4. Monica Montefalcone
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  5. Giulia Gatti
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  6. Valeriano Parravicini
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  7. Alessio Rovere
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Correspondence to Carlo Nike Bianchi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

    Sergio Rossi

  2. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB) Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France

    Lorenzo Bramanti

  3. Departament d’Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Andrea Gori

  4. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma, Mallorca, Spain

    Covadonga Orejas

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Bianchi, C.N. et al. (2017). Resilience of the Marine Animal Forest: Lessons from Maldivian Coral Reefs After the Mass Mortality of 1998. In: Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A., Orejas , C. (eds) Marine Animal Forests. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_35

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