Abstract
When Withering wrote his classic An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medicinal Uses in 1785 [1], he recognized the beneficial uses of foxglove; but in the section “Effects, Rules and Cautions,” he described what is now the well-known toxicity of digitalis: “occasions sickness, vomiting, purging, giddiness, confused vision, objects appearing green or yellow; increased secretion of urine, with frequent motions to part with it, and sometimes inability to retain it; slow pulse, even as slow as 35 in a minute, cold sweats, convulsions, syncope, death.”
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Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, Second Edition
Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, Second Edition
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Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial.
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II-1
Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
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Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.
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Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence.
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Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees.
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Magnani, B., Woolf, A.D. (2015). Cardiotoxic Plants. In: Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., Palmer, R. (eds) Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_118-1
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