Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aqueous Precursors

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

Abstract

Salts of many cations that dissolve in water are used in the sol-gel process. Depending on the cation, the salts include halides, primarily chlorides. It is also possible to use sulfates, oxysulfates, and nitrates. In addition to salts of mineral acids, the salts of organic acids are suitable as precursors. These include acetates, citrates, lactates, and others. Hydrolysis of the salts leads to various hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and colloidal sols. In some cases, oxides form directly. The ability to use aqueous precursors is controlled by concentration and pH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abe R, Shinohara K, Tanaka A, Hara M, Kondo JN, Domen K. Preparation of thin films of a layered titanate by the exfoliation of Cs x Ti(2–x/4)â–¡ x/4O4. Chem Mater. 1998;10:329–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akitt JW, Elders JM. Multinuclear magnetic resonance studies of the hydrolysis of aluminium(III). Part 8. Base hydrolysis monitored at very high magnetic field. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans. 1988;1988:1347–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo EB, Eiras JA. PZT thin films obtained from oxide precursors. J Mater Sci Lett. 1998;17:833–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo EB, Bratusek J, Garcia D, Eiras JA. Optimization of conditions to prepare PLZT thin films from oxide precursors. J Mater Sci Lett. 1999;18:1961–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baes Jr CF, Mesmer RE. The thermodynamics of cation hydrolysis. Am J Sci. 1981;281:935–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailar JC, Emeleus HJ, Nyholm R, Trotman-Dickenson AF. Comprehensive inorganic chemistry. 2Oxford: Pergamon; 1973. p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ban T, Kondoh S, Ohya T, Ohya Y, Takahashi Y. Photocatalysis of a transparent titanate aqueous sol prepared from titanium tetraisopropoxide and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Photochem Photobiol A: Chem. 2003;156:219–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskaran S, Song L, Liu J, Chen YL, Graff GL. Titanium oxide thin films on organic interfaces through biomimetic processing. J Am Ceram Soc. 1998;81:401–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff BL, Anderson MA. Peptization process in the sol–gel preparation of porous anatase (TiO2). Chem Mater. 1995;7:1772–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottero JY, Axelos M, Tchoubar D, Cases JM, Fripiat J, Fiessinger JF. Mechanism of formation of aluminum trihydroxide from Keggin Al13 polymers. J Collid Interface Sci. 1987;117:47–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle DS, Govender K, O’Brien P. Novel low temperature solution deposition of perpendicularly oriented rods of ZnO: substrate effects and evidence of the importance of counter-ions in the control of crystalline growth. Chem Commum. 2002;2002:80–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol–gel science-the physics and chemistry of Sol–gel processing. Boston: Academic Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caillaud F, Smith A, Baumard J-F. Effect of pH of the solution on the deposition of zinc oxide films by spray pyrolysis. J Am Ceram Soc. 1993;76:998–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clearfield A. Crystalline hydrous zirconia. Inorg Chem. 1964;3:146–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clearfield A. The mechanism of hydrolytic polymerization of zirconyl solutions. J Mater Res. 1990;5:161–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cot F, Larbot A, Nabias G, Cot L. Preparation and characterization of colloidal solution derived crystallized titania powder. J Eur Ceram Soc. 1998;18:2175–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA, Bochmann M. Advanced inorganic chemistry. 6th ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RK, Gowda G. Thermal stability of aluminium oxides prepared from gel. J Mater Sci Lett. 1985;4:331–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu G, Nazar LF, Bain AD. Aging processes of alumina sol–gel: characterization of new aluminum polyoxycations by 27Al NMR spectroscopy. Chem Mater. 1991;3:602–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furusaki T, Kodaira K. Preparation and properties of In2O3 thin films by the sol–gel method. In: High performance ceramic film and coatings. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991. p. 241–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furusaki T, Takahashi J, Takaha H, Kodaira K. Formation process of SnO2 thin films by sol–gel method. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1993;101:451–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furusaki T, Takahashi J, Kodaira K. Preparation of ITO thin films by sol–gel method. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1994;102:200–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiculescu AC, Rack HJ. X-ray scattering studies of polymeric zirconium species in aqueous xerogels. J Non-Cryst Solid. 2002;306:30–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiculescu AC, Spencer HG. Effects of oxygen environment on the decompositions and crystallization of an aqueous sol–gel derived zirconium acetate gel. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 1999a;14:257–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiculescu AC, Spencer HG. Thermal decomposition and crystallization of aqueous sol–gel derived zirconium acetate gels: effects of the precursor solution pH. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 1999b;16:243–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiculescu AC, Spencer HG. Thermal decomposition and crystallization of aqueous sol–gel derived zirconium acetate gels: effects of the additive anions. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 2000;17:25–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goebbert C, Aegerter MA, Burgard D, Nass R, Schmidt H. Ultrafiltration conducting membranes and coatings from redispersable, nanoscaled, crystalline SnO2:Sb particles. J Mater Chem. 1999a;9:253–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goebbert C, Nonninger R, Aegerter MA, Schmidt H. Wet chemical deposition of ATO and ITO coatings using crystalline nanoparticles redispersable in solutions. Thin Solid Films. 1999b;351:79–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goebbert C, Bisht H, Al-Dahoudi N, Nonninger R, Aegerter MA, Schmidt H. Wet chemical deposition of crystalline, redispersable ATO and ITO nanoparticles. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 2000;19:201–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith WP. Studies on transition-metal peroxo-complexes. Part III. Peroxy-complexes of groups IV A , IV A , and VI A . J Chem Soc. 1964;5248–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbour JR, Tromp J, Hair ML. Photogeneration of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous TiO2 dispersions. Can J Chem. 1985;63:204–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy A, Mondelaers D, Vanhoyland G, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC. The formation of ferroelectric bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) from an aqueous metal-chelate gel. J Sol–Gel Sci Techno. 2003;26:1103–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hench LL, Ulrich DR. Ultrastructure processing of ceramics, glasses, and composites. New York: Wiley; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiratsuka RS, Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV. Formation of SnO2 gels from dispersed sols in aqueous colloidal solutions. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1990;121:76–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ichinose H, Kawahara A, Katsuki H. Properties of anatase films for photocatalyst from peroxotitanic acid solution and peroxo-modified anatase sol. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1996a;104:914–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ichinose H, Terasaki M, Katsuki H. Synthesis of peroxo-modified anatase sol from peroxo titanic acid solution. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1996b;108:715–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ichinose H, Terasaki M, Katsuki H. Properties of peroxotitanium acid solution and peroxo-modifies anatase sol derived from peroxotitanium hydrate. J Sol–gel Science and Technology. 2001;22:33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iler RK. The chemistry of silica. New York: Wiley; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izaki M, Omi T. Transparent zinc oxide films chemically prepared from aqueous solution. J Electrochem Soc. 1997;144:L3–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julbe A, Guizard C, Larbot A, Cot L, Giroir-Fendler A. The sol–gel approach to prepare candidate microporous inorganic membranes for membrane reactors. J Membr Sci. 1993;77:137–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, Tada M, Shiro M, Petrykin V, Osada M, Nakamura Y. Structure and stability of water soluble (NH4)8[Ti4(C6H4O7)4 (O2)4]·8H2O. Inorg Chem. 2001;40:891–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanbara T, Nagasaki M, Yamamoto T. Preparation of electrically conducting indium–tin oxide thin films by heat treatment of mixed-metal hydroxide dispersion containing polymer binder. Chem Mater. 1990;2:643–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura K, Fujimoto S. Effect of hydrothermal treatment on alumina sol. J Chem Soc Jpn. 1994;7:639–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keggin JF. Structure of the molecule of 12-phosphotungstic acid. Nature. 1933;131:908–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S-J, Park S-D, Jeong YH. Homogeneous precipitation of TiO2 ultrafine powders from aqueous TiOCl2 solution. J Am Ceram Soc. 1999;82:927–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto T, Kozuka H. Sol–gel preparation of TiO2 ceramic coating films from aqueous solutions of titanium sulfate(IV) containing polyvininlpyrrolidone. J Mater Res. 2003;18:466–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klissurski D, Hadjiivanov K, Kantcheva M, Gyurova L. Study of peroxo-modified titanium dioxide (anatase). J Chem Soc Faraday Trans. 1990;86:385–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kodaira K, Sohma M, Furusaki T. Preparation and properties of SnO2 thin films by dip-coating method. Ceram Trans. 1990;11:301–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooli F, Sasaki T, Rives V, Watanabe M. Pillaring of a layered titanate with alumina: effect of hydrolysis solution. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1999;549:79–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozuka H, Kishimoto T. Aqueous solution-based ceramic thin film deposition using organic polymers with amide groups. Chem Lett. 2001;11:1150–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KNP, Kumar J, Keizer K. Effect of peptization on densification and phase-transformation behavior of sol–gel-derived nanostructured titania. J Am Ceram Soc. 1994;77:1396–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurokawa Y, Shirakawa T, Saito S, Yui N. Transparent alumina film from ultrafine alumina sol. J Mater Sci Lett. 1986;5:1070–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larbot A, Fabre J-P, Guizard C, Cot L, Gillot J. New inorganic ultrafiltration membranes: titania and zirconia membranes. J Am Ceram Soc. 1989;72:257–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee D-S, Liu T-K. Preparation of TiO2 sol using TiCl4 as a precursor. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 2002;25:121–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Zhang J. Preparation, structure evolution and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 thin films and powders by an aqueous sol–gel process. Thin Solid Films. 2001;388:107–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leenaars AFM, Keizer K, Burggraaf AJ. The preparation and characterization of alumina membranes with ultra-fine pores. J Mater Sci. 1984;19:1077–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lencka MM, Riman RE. Thermodynamic modeling of hydrothermal synthesis of ceramic powders. Chem Mater. 1993;5:61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livage J, Chatry M, Henry M, Taulelle F. Complexation of Zr(IV) precursors in aqueous solutions. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1992;271:201–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lokhande BJ, Uplane MD. Structural, optical and electrical studies on spray deposited highly oriented ZnO films. Appl. Surf Sci. 2000;167:243–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie JD, Ulrich DR. Ultrastructure processing of advanced materials. New York: Wiley; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado A, Asomoza R, Canetas-Ortega J, Zironi EP, Hernandez R, Patino R, Solorza-Feria O. Effect of the pH on the physical properties of ZnO: In thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells. 1999;57:331–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesmer RE, Baes Jr CF. Review of hydrolysis behavior of ions in aqueous solutions. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1990;180:85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel E, Stuerga D, Chaumont D. Microwave flash synthesis of tin dioxide sols from tin chloride aqueous solutions. J Mater Sci Lett. 2001;20:1593–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel E, Chaumont D, Stuerga D. SnO2 thin films prepared by dip-coating from microwave synthesized colloidal suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2003;257:258–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KT, Lange FF. Single crystal zirconia thin films from liquid precursors. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1989;155:191–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Möckel H, Giersig M, Willig F. Formation of uniform size anatase nanocrystals from bis(ammonium lactato)titanium dihydroxide by thermohydrolysis. J Mater Chem. 1999;9:3051–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mondelaers D, Vanhoyland G, Van den Rul H, D’Haen J, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC. Synthesis of ZnO nanopowder via an aqueous acetate–citrate gelation methos. Mater Res Bull. 2002;37:901–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mondelaers D, Vanhoyland G, Van den Rul H, D’Haen J, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC. Chemical solution deposition of ZnO thin films by an aqueous solution gel precursor route. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 2003;26:523–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mühlebach J, Müller K, Schwarzenbach G. The peroxo complexes of titanium. Inorg Chem. 1970;9:2381–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nair J, Nair P, Ommen JGV, Ross JRH, Burggraaf AJ, Mizukami F. Influence of peptization and ethanol washing on the pore-structure evolution of sol–gel-derived alumina catalyst supports. J Am Ceram Soc. 1998;81:2709–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nam H-D, Lee B-H, Kim S-J, Jung C-H, Lee J-H, Park S. Preparation o ultrafine crystalline TiO2 powders from aqueous TiCl4 solution by precipitation. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1998;37:4603–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan C, Fukunaga N, Nogami G. Titanium dioxide thin film deposited by spray pyrolysis of aqueous solution. Thin Solid Films. 1998;322:6–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar LF, Klein LC. Early stages of alumina sol–gel formation in acidic media: an 27A1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation. J Am Ceram Soc. 1988;71:C85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar LF, Klein LC, Napier D. Investigation of the effect of dimethylformamide addition on alumina sol–gel formation by 27Al NMR and rheology measurements. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1988;121(Better Ceramics Through Chemistry III):133–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelis D, Van Werde K, Mondelaers D, Vanhoyland G, Van den Rul H, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC. Aqueous solution–gel synthesis of strontium bismuth niobate (SrBi2Nb2O9). J Sol–gel Sci Techol. 2003;26:1125–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niesen TP, DeGuire MR. Review: deposition of ceramic thin films at low temperatures from aqueous solutions. J Electroceram. 2001;6:169–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohya T. Studies on preparation and application of halogen-free aqueous titanate solutions. Doctoral thesis, Gifu University, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohya Y, Miura Y, Ban T, Takahashi Y, Nishigaki S, Okamoto Y, Harada A. Gas sensing properties of SnO2 thin films prepared from aqueous sol. Res. Rep. Center for Cooperative Research Gifu Univ. No. 7. ;1997. p. 87–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohya T, Ban T, Ohya Y, Takahashi Y. Preparation of concentrated, halogen-free aqueous titanium solutions. Ceram Trans. 2001;112:47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohya T, Nakayama A, Ban T, Ohya Y, Takahashi Y. Synthesis and characterization of halogen-free, transparent, aqueous colloidal titanate solutions from titanium alkoxide. Chem Mater. 2002;14:3082–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohya T, Nakayama A, Shibata Y, Ban T, Ohya Y, Takahashi Y. Preparation and characterization of titania thin films from aqueous solutions. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2003;26:799–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Hirano S. Synthesis of highly oriented lithium niobate thin film from neutralized aqueous precursor solution. J Am Ceram Soc. 1997a;80:2869–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Hirano S. Patterning of lithium niobate thin films derived from aqueous solution. J Am Ceram Soc. 1997b;80:2533–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Hirano S. Synthesis of potassium lithium niobate films through aqueous precursor solution. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1998;106:850–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Mochizuki H, Hirano S. Preparation and characterization of amorphous LiNbO3 powders from completely hydrolyzed metal alkoxides. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 1996a;104:599–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Takeo T, Hirano S. Processing of highly oriented LiNbO3 films for waveguides from aqueous solution. J Am Ceram Soc. 1996b;9:1343–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono S, Yamada N, Hirano S. Pottasium lithium niobate films derived from aqueous precursor solution. J Am Ceram Soc. 2001;84:1415–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panda AB, Pathak A, Nandagoswami M, Pramanik P. Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline Sr1–x Bi2+y Ta2O9 powders. Mater Sci Eng. 2003;B97:275–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Maqueda LA, Wang L, Matijevic E. Nanosize indium hydroxide by peptization of colloidal precipitates. Langumuir. 1998;14:4397–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peulon S, Lincot D. Mechanistic study of cathodic electrodeposition of zinc oxide and zinc hydroxychloride films from oxygenated aqueous zinc chloride solutions. J Electrochem Soc. 1998;145:864–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre AC, Uhlmann DR. Gelation of aluminum hydroxide sols. J Am Ceram Soc. 1987;70:28–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV, Jolivet JP, Trone E. Morphological characterization of aqueous tin oxyhydroxide gel. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1994;170:21–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrsetzer S, Paszli I, Csempesz F. Colloid stability of electrostatically stabilized sols. Part III: the role of pH in hydration coagulation and peptization of SiO2− and Al2O3-sols. Colloid Polym Sci. 1998;276:260–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowsell J, Nazar LF. Speciation and thermal transformation in alumina sols: Structures of the polyhydroxyoxoaluminum cluster [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+ and its δ-Keggin moiete. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:3777–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito N, Haneda H, Li D, Koumoto K. Characterization of zinc oxide micropatterns deposited on self-assembled monolayer template. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 2002;110:386–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos LRB, Santilli CV, Pulcinelli SH. Sol–gel transition in SnO2 colloidal suspensions: viscoelastic properties. J Non-Cryat Solid. 1999;247:153–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos LRB, Craievich AF, Santilli CV, Pulcinelli SH. Sol phase and sol–gel transition in SnO2 colloidal suspensions. J Appl Crystallogr. 2000;33:609–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki T, Watanabe M, Michiue Y, Komatsu Y, Izumi F, Takeuchi S. Preparation of acid–base properties of a protonated titanate with the lepidocrocite-like layer structure. Chem Mater. 1995;7:1001–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki T, Watanabe M, Hashizume H, Yamada H, Nakazawa H. Macromolecule-like aspects for a colloidal suspension of an exfoliated titanate. Pairwise association of nanosheete and dynamic reassembling process initiated from it. J Am Chem Soc. 1996;118:8329–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki T, Nakano S, Yamauchi S, Watanabe M. Fabrication of titanium dioxide thin flakes and their porous aggregate. Chem Mater. 1997;9:602–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sathiyakumar M, Gnanam FD. Synthesis of sol–gel derived alumina powder: effect of milling and calcination temperatures on sintering behaviour. Br Ceram Trans. 1999;98:87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzenbach D. The structure of a chelated dinuclear peroxytitanium(IV). Inorg Chem. 1970;9:2391–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert A, Lamge FF, Speck JS. Liquid precursor route for hetero-epitaxy of Zr(Y)O2 thin films on (001) cubic zirconia. J Am Ceram Soc. 1993;76:443–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon RD. Reviced effective ionic radii and systematic studies on interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Cryst. 1976;A32:751–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Imai H, Hirashima H, Tsukuma K. Low-temperature synthesis of anatase thin films on glass and organic substrates by direct deposition from aqueous solutions. Thin Solid Films. 1999;351:220–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiota M. Some properties of aqueous titanium isopropoxide-hydrogenperoxode solutions and their decomposition to produce titanium dioxide. J Mater Sci. 1988;23:1718–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tada M, Yamashita Y, Petrykin V, Osada M, Yoshida K, Kakihana MA. new water-soluble ammonium citratoperoxotitanate as an environmentally beneficial precursor for TiO2 thin films and RuO2/BaTi4O9 photocatalysts. Chem Mater. 2002;14:2845–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahar RBH, Ban T, Ohya Y, Takahashi Y. Optical, structural, and electrical properties of indium oxide thin films prepared by sol–gel method. J Appl Phys. 1997;82:865–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tengvall P, Elwing H, Lundstrom I. Titanium gel made from metallic titanium and hydrogen peroxide. J. Colloid and Interface. Science. 1989;130:405–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tengvall P, Wälevaara B, Westerling J, Lundström I. Stable titanium superoxide radicals in aqueous Ti-peroxy gels and Ti-peroxide solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1991;143:589–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai MT, Shih HCA. modified powder route for the preparation of sol–gel process-synthesized magnesia and alumina. J Mater Sci Lett. 1993;12:1025–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlmann DR, Ulrich DR. Ultrastructure processing of advanced materials. New York: Wiley; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Velde GMH. The oxalato complexes of titanium(IV) – I. Mononuclear Ti(OH)2(C2O4)2 2− in solution. J Inorg Nucl Chem. 1977;39:1357–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Werde K, Vanhoyland G, Nelis D, Mondelaers D, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC. Phase formation of ferroelectric perovskite 0.75Pb(Zn1/3,Nb2/3)O3–0.25BaTiO3 prepared by aqueous solution-gel chemistry. J Mater Chem. 2001;11:1192–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel A. A textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis, including elementary instrumental analysis. 4th ed. London: Longman; 1978. p. 750–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Chikamori H, Noma T, Suzuki T, Tsurumi T. Synthesis of nanometer-sized barium titanate crystallites using a modified low temperature direct synthesis method and their characterization. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 2000;108:728–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werde KV, Mondelaers D, Vanhoyland G, Nelis D, Van Bael MK, Mullens J, Van Poucke LC, Van der Veken B, Desseyn HO. Thermal decomposition of the ammonium zinc acetate citrate precursor for aqueous chemical solution depositions of ZnO. J Mater Sci. 2002;37:81–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood TE, Siedle AR, Hill JR, Skarjune RP, Goodbrake CJ. Hydrolysis of aluminum – are all gels created equal? Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1990;180:97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamabi S, Imai H. Crystalline phase control for titanium dioxide films by direct deposition in aqueous solutions. Chem Mater. 2002;14:609–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi T, Fujita T, Takusagawa N, Kitajima K. Complex formation of highly polymerized hydroxoaluminum polycations with synthetic expandable fluorine mica. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi. 1996;3:307–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mei S, Ferreira JMF. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized titania powders: influence of peptization and peptizing agents on the crystalline phases and phase transitions. J Am Ceram Soc. 2000;83:1361–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mei S, Ferreira JMF. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized titania powders: influence of tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxides on particle characteristics. J Am Ceram Soc. 2001a;84:1696–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mei S, Ferreira JMF. Hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanopowders from tetraalkylammnonium hydroxide peptized sols. Mater Sci Eng. 2001b;C15:183–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yi G, Sayer M. An acetic acid/water based sol–gel PZT process I: modification of Zr and Ti alkoxides with acetic acid. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 1996a;6:65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yi G, Sayer M. An acetic acid/water based sol–gel PZT process II: formation of a water based solution. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 1996b;6:75–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas BE. Hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides and bayerite conversion. J Appl Chem Biotechnol. 1973;23:803–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas BE. Alumina sol preparation from alkoxides. Ceram Bull. 1975a;54:289–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas BE. A transparent porous alumina. Ceram Bull. 1975b;54:286–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoldas BE. Alumina gels that form porous transparent Al2O3. J Mater Sci. 1975c;10:1856–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakharchenya RI. Influence of peptization on the properties of alumina produced from boehmite sols. J Sol–gel Sci Techno. 1996;6:179–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanetti SM, Leite ER, Longo E, Varela JA. SrBi2Nb2O9 thin films deposited by dip coating using aqueous solution. J Eur Ceram Soc. 1999a;19:1409–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanetti SM, Leite ER, Longo E, Varela JA. SrBi2Nb2O9 ferroelectric thin film prepared by chemical method. Advances in Science and Technology (Faenza, Italy). 1999b;20:35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Gao L. Effect of peptization on phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Res Bull. 2001;36:1957–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Gifu, Japan

    Yutaka Ohya

Authors
  1. Yutaka Ohya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yutaka Ohya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA

    Lisa Klein

  2. Madrid, Spain

    Mario Aparicio

  3. City University of New York, New York, USA

    Andrei Jitianu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ohya, Y. (2018). Aqueous Precursors. In: Klein, L., Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A. (eds) Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_5-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_5-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation