Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Formation of Ordered Mesoporous Thin Films Through Templating

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

  • 245 Accesses

Abstract

Pores in the size range 2.0–20 nm are considered mesopores. Using the sol-gel process and a catalog of surfactant molecules, thin films with ordered mesopores can be produced. Films formed by evaporation-induced self-assembly, growth from solution, and other methods such as vapor phase deposition and pulsed laser deposition are examined. The various patterns derived from these approaches are discussed for silica and other oxides, in amorphous and crystalline phases. Patterns can be generated using micelles, self-assembled monolayers (SAM), templates, and molding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aksay IA, Trau M, Manne S, Honma I, Yao N, Zhou L, Fenter P, Eisenberger PM, Gruner SM. Biomimetic pathways for assembling inorganic thin films. Science. 1996;273:892–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alberius PCA, Frindell KL, Hayward RC, Kramer EJ, Stucky GD, Chmelka BF. General predictive syntheses of cubic, hexagonal, and lamellar silica and titania mesostructured thin films. Chem Mater. 2002;14:3284–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso B, Balkenende AR, Albouy P-A, Durand D, Babonneau F. Directing role of pH and ethanol vapour on the formation of 2D or 3D mesostructured silica and hybrid organo-silica thin films. New J Chem. 2002;26:1270–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MT, Martin JE, Odinek JG, Newcomer P. Synthesis of periodic mesoporous silica thin films. In: Lobo RF, Beck JS, Suib SL, et al., editors. Microporous and Macroporous Materials. Pittsburgh: MRS; 1996. p. 217–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attard GS, Glyde JC, Göltner CG. Liquid-crystalline phases as templates for the synthesis of mesoporous silica. Nature. 1995;378:366–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagshaw SA, Prouzet E, Pinnavaia TJ. Templating of mesoporous molecular sieves by nonionic polyethylene oxide surfactants. Science. 1995;269:1242–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balkenende AR, de Theije FK, Kriege JCK. Controlling dielectric and optical properties of ordered mesoporous organosilicate films. Adv Mater. 2003;15:139–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balkus Jr KJ, Scott AS. Molecular sieve coatings on spherical substrates via pulsed laser deposition. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2000;34:31–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balkus Jr KJ, Scott AS, Gimon-Kinsel ME, Blanco JH. Oriented films of mesoporous MCM-41 macroporous tubules via pulsed laser deposition. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2000;38:97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartl MH, Scott BJ, Huang HC, Wimsberger G, Popitsch A, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Synthesis and luminescence properties of mesostructured thin films activated by in-situ formed trivalent rare earth ion complexes. Chem Commun. 2002;2474–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskaran S, Liu J, Domansky K, Kohler N, Li X, Coyle C, Fryxell GE, Thevuthasan S, Williford RE. Low dielectric constant mesoporous silica films through molecularly templated synthesis. Adv Mater. 2000;12:291–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck JS, Vartuli JC, Roth WJ, Leonowicz ME, Kresge CT, Schmitt KD, Chu CT-W, Olson DH, Sheppard EW, McCullen SB, Higgins JB, Schlenker JL. A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. J Am Chem Soc. 1992;114:10834–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekiari V, Ferrer M-L, Lianos P. Time-resolved fluorescence quenching studies in nanocomposite materials made of silica and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. J Phys Chem B. 1999;103:9085–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besson S, Gacoin T, Jacquiod C, Ricolleau C, Babonneau D, Boilot JP. Structural study of 3-D-hexagonal mesoporous spin-coated sol-gel films. J Mater Chem. 2000a;10:1331–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besson S, Ricolleau C, Gacoin T, Jacquiod C, Boilot J-P. A new 3D organisation of mesopores in oriented CTAB silica films. J Phys Chem B. 2000b;104:12095–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besson S, Ricolleau C, Gacoin T, Jacquiod C, Boilot J-P. 3D Quantum dot lattice inside mesoporous silica films. Nano Lett. 2002;2:409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besson S, Gacoin T, Ricolleau C, Boilot J-P. Silver nanoparticle growth in 3D-hexagonal mesoporous silica films. Chem Commun. 2003a;360–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besson S, Gacoin T, Ricolleau C, Jacquiod C, Boilot J-P. Phase diagram for mesoporous CTAB–silica films prepared under dynamic conditions. J Mater Chem. 2003b;13:404–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bimbaum JC, Li X, Yonker CR, Fryxell GE, Baskaran S. Effect of solution chemistry and speciation on shelf-life of silica sols and characteristics of deposited mesoporous thin films. Chem Commun. 2002;2270–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan T, Hughes AV, Roser SJ, Mann S, Edler KJ. Concentration-dependent formation mechanisms in mesophase silica–surfactant films. Langmuir. 2002a;18:9838–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan T, Roser SJ, Mann S, Edler KJ. The structural evolution of surfactant silica film forming solutions, investigated using small angle neutron scattering. Chem Mater. 2002b;14:4292–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan T, Roser SJ, Mann S, Edler KJ. Characterisation of the structure of mesoporous thin films grown at the air/water interface using X-ray surface techniques. Langmuir. 2003;19:2639–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol–gel Science. The Physics and Chemistry of Sol–gel Processing. San Diego: Academic Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker CJ, Lu Y, Sellinger A, Fan H. Evaporation-induced self-assembly: Nanostructures made easy. Adv Mater. 1999;11:579–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AS, Holt SA, Dam T, Trau M, White JW. Mesoporous silicate film growth at the air–water interface – direct observation by X-ray reflectivity. Langmuir. 1997;13:6363–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AS, Holt SA, Reynolds PA, Penfold J, White JW. Growth of highly ordered thin silicate films at the air–water interface. Langmuir. 1998;14:5532–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnol F, Grosso D, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Crepaldi EL, Babonneau F, Amenitsch H, Sanchez C. Humidity-controlled mesostructuration in CTAB-templated silica thin film processing. The existence of a modulable steady state. J Mater Chem. 2003;13:61–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs N, Khushalani D, Oliver S, Ozin GA, Sherr GC, Sokolov I, Yang H. Blueprints for inorganic materials with natural form: inorganic liquid crystals and a language of inorganic shape. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans. 1997;21:3941–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cot L, Ayral A, Durand J, Guizard C, Hovnanian N, Julbe A, Larbot A. Inorganic membranes and solid state sciences. Solid State Sci. 2000;2:313–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crepaldi EL, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Grosso D, Albouy P-A, Sanchez C. Design and post-functionalisation of ordered mesoporous zirconia thin films. Chem Commun. 2001;1582–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crepaldi EL, Grosso D, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Albouy P-A, Amenitsch H, Sanchez C. Formation and stabilization of mesostructured vanadium-oxo-based hybrid thin films. Chem Mater. 2002;14:3316–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crepaldi EL, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Bouchara A, Grosso D, Durand D, Sanchez C. Controlled formation of highly ordered cubic and hexagonal mesoporous nanocrystalline yttria–zirconia and ceria–zirconia thin films exhibiting high thermal stability. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2003a;42:347–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crepaldi E.L., de. A.A. Soler-Illia G.J, Grosso D., Sanchez C. Nanocrystallised titania and zirconia mesoporous thin films exhibiting enhanced thermal stability. New J Chem 2003b; 27: 9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabadie T, Ayral A, Guizard C, Cot L, Lacan P. Synthesis and characterisation of inorganic gels in a lyotropic liquid crystal medium: II. Synthesis of silica gels in lyotropic crystal phases obtained from cationic surfactants. J Mater Chem. 1996;6:1789–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dag Ö, Ozin GA, Yang H, Reber C, Bussière G. Photoluminescent silicon clusters in oriented hexagonal mesoporous silica film. Adv Mater. 1999a;11:474–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dag Ö, Verma A, Ozin GA, Kresge CT. Salted mesostructures: salt–liquid crystal templating of lithium triflate–oligo(ethylene oxide) surfactant–mesoporous silica nanocomposite films and monoliths. J Mater Chem. 1999b;9:1475–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dag Ö, Samarskaya O, Coombs N, Ozin GA. The synthesis of mesostructured silica films and monoliths functionalised by noble metal nanoparticles. J Mater Chem. 2003;13:328–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dattelbaum AM, Amweg ML, Ecke LE, Yee CK, Shreve AP, Parikh AN. Photochemical pattern transfer and enhancement of thin film silica mesophases. Nano Lett; 2003;3:719–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Theije FK, Balkenende AR, Verheijen MA, Baklanov MR, Mogilnikov KP, Furukawa Y. Structural characterization of mesoporous organosilica films for ultralow-k dielectrics. J Phys Chem B. 2003;107:4280–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doshi DA, Buesing NK, Lu M, Fan H, Lu Y, Simmons-Potter K, Potter Jr BG, Hurd AJ, Brinker CJ. Optically defined multifunctional patterning of photosensitive thin-film silica mesophases. Science. 2000;290:107–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, White JW. Room temperature synthesis of molecular sieve MCM-41. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1995;155–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, White JW. Further improvements in the long range order of MCM-41 materials. Chem Mater. 1997;9:1226–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, Roser SJ, Mann S. In situ Brewster angle microscopy and surface pressure studies on the interfacial growth of mesostructured silica thin films. Chem Commun. 2000;773–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, Goldar A, Hughes AV, Roser SJ, Mann S. Structural studies on surfactant-templated silica films grown at the air/water interface. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001;44/45:661–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, Brennan T, Roser SJ, Mann S, Richardson RM. Formation of CTAB-templated mesophase silicate films from acidic solution. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2003a;62:165–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edler KJ, Goldar A, Brennan T, Roser SJ. Spontaneous mesostructured film growth in polyelectrolyte-surfactant solutions. Chem Commun. 2003b;1724–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan H, Lu Y, Stump A, Reed ST, Baer T, Schunk R, Perez-Luna V, López GP, Brinker CJ. Rapid prototyping of patterned functional nanostructures. Nature. 2000;405:56–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan HY, Reed S, Baer T, Schunk R, Lopez GP, Brinker CJ. Hierarchically structured functional porous silica and composite produced by evaporation-induced self-assembly. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001;44:625–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng J, Huo Q, Petroff PM, Stucky GD. Morphology definition by disclinations and dislocations in a mesostructured silicate crystal. Appl Phys Lett. 1997;71:1887–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer M, Lianos P. Study of silica–surfactant composite films with fluorescent probes. Langmuir. 1996;12:5620–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer ML, Bekiari V, Lianos P, Tsiourvas D. Leaching of organic molecules from composite silica/surfactant films into water. Chem Mater. 1997;9:2652–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franville A-C, Dunn B, Zink JI. Molecular motion and environmental rigidity in the framework and ionic interface regions of mesostructured thin films. J Phys Chem B. 2001;105:10335–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frindell KL, Bartl MH, Popitsch A, Stucky GD. Sensitized luminescence of trivalent europium by three-dimensionally arranged anatase nanocrystals in mesostructured titania thin films. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2002;41:959–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuoka A, Miyata H, Kuroda K. Alignment control of a cyanine dye using a mesoporous silica film with uniaxially aligned mesochannels. Chem Commun. 2003;284–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • García M JA, Valverde G, Cruz D, Franco A, Zink JI, Minoofar P. Structure and polyphenylviny-lene concentration effect on the photoconductivity response from mesostructured silica films. J Phys Chem B. 2003a;107:2249–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García M JA, Valverde G, Zink JI. Using carbazole as a structural modifier of CTAB-templated silicate sol–gel thin films. Langmuir. 2003b;19:4411–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gimon-Kinsel ME, Balkus Jr KJ. Mesoporous molecular sieve thin films. In: Bonneviot L, Béland F, Danymah C, Giasson S, Kaliaguine S, editors. Mesoporous Molecular Sieves. 117 Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 111–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimon-Kinsel ME, Balkus Jr KJ. Pulsed laser deposition of mesoporous niobium oxide thin films and application as chemical sensors. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 1999;28:113–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göltner CG, Berton B, Krämer E, Antonietti M. Nanoporous silicas by casting the aggregates of amphiphilic block co-polymers: the transition from cylinders to lamellae and vesicles. Adv Mater. 1999;11:395–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso D, Balkenende AR, Albouy PA, Lavergne M, Mazerolles L, Babonneau F. Highly oriented 3D-hexagonal silica thin films produced with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. J Mater Chem. 2000;10:2085–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso D, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Babonneau F, Sanchez C, Albouy PA, Brunet-Bruneau A, Balkenende AR. Highly organized mesoporous titania thin films showing mono-oriented 2D hexagonal channels. Adv Mater. 2001a;13:1085–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso D, Balkenende AR, Albouy PA, Ayral A, Amenitsch H, Babonneau F. Two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous silica thin films prepared from block copolymers: Detailed characterization and formation mechanism. Chem Mater. 2001b;13:1848–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso D, Babonneau F, Amenitsch H, Balkenende AR, Rivory J. An in situ study of mesostructured CTAB-silica film formation during dip coating using time-resolved SAXS and interferometry measurements. Chem Mater. 2002a;14:931–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso G, Babonneau F, de. A.A. Soler-Illia GJ, Albouy PA, Amenitsch H. Phase transformation during cubic mesostructured silica film formation. Chem Commun. 2002b;748–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemandez R, Franville A-C, Minoofar P. Controlled placement of luminescent molecules and polymers in mesostructured sol–gel thin films. J Am Chem Soc. 2001;123:1248–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillhouse HW, Okubo T, van Egmond JW, Tsapatsis M. Preparation of supported mesoporous silica layers in a continuous flow cell. Chem Mater. 1997;9:1505–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillhouse HW, van Egmond JW, Tsapatsis M. Highly oriented mesostructured thin films: shear-induced deposition of optically anisotropic coatings of tungsten oxide/surfactant composites. Langmuir. 1999;15:4544–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillhouse HW, van Egmond JW, Tsapatsis M, Hanson JC, Larese JZ. Synthesis and characterisation of ordered arrays of topological defects in mesoporous silica films. Chem Mater. 2000;12:2888–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillhouse HW, van Egmond JW, Tsapatsis M, Hanson JC, Larese JZ. The interpretation of X-ray diffraction data for the determination of channel orientation in mesoporous films. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001;44–45:639–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt SA, Foran GJ, White JW. Observation of hexagonal crystalline diffraction from growing silicate films. Langmuir. 1999;15:2540–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt SA, Edler K J, Brennan T. Growth mechanisms of silicate films on solid substrates. ISIS Experimental Report. 2002a

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt SA, Ruggles JL, White JW, Garrett RF. Structure development in octadecyl trimethylam-monium templated silicate films grown at the air/water interface. J Phys Chem B. 2002b;106:2330–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honma I, Zhou HS. Self-assembling functional molecules in mesoporous silicate materials: Optical properties and mesophase of dye-doped M41S. Adv Mater. 1998;10:1532–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honma I, Zhou HS, Kundu D, Endo A. Structural control of surfactant-templated hexagonal, cubic and lamellar mesoporous silicate thin films prepared by spin-casting. Adv Mater. 2000;12:1529–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hozumi A, Yokogawa Y, Kameyama T, Hiraku K, Sugimura H, Takai O, Okido M. Photocalcination of mesoporous silica films using vacuum ultraviolet light. Adv Mater. 2000;12:985–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hozumi A, Sugimura H, Hiraku K, Kameyama T, Takai O. Micropatterned silica films with ordered nanopores fabricated through photocalcination. Nano Lett. 2001;1:395–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hua Z-L, Shi J-L, Wang L, Zhang W-H. Preparation of mesoporous silica films on a glass slide: surfactant template removal by solvent extraction. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2001;292:177–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hua Z-L, Shi J-L, Zhang L-X, Ruan M-L, Yan J-N. Formation of nanosized TiO2 in mesoporous silica thin films. Adv Mater. 2002;14:830–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MH, Dunn BS, Soyez H, Zink JI. In situ probing by fluorescence spectroscopy of the formation of continuous highly-ordered lamellar-phase mesostructured thin films. Langmuir. 1998;14:7331–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MH, Dunn BS, Zink JI. In situ luminescence probing of the chemical and structural changes during formation of dip-coated lamellar phase sodium dodecyl sulfate sol–gel thin films. J Am Chem Soc. 2000a;122:3739–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MH, Soyez HM, Dunn BS, Zink JI. In situ fluorescence probing of molecular mobility and chemical changes during formation of dip-coated sol–gel silica thin films. Chem Mater. 2000b;12:231–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MH, Kartono F, Dunn B, Zink JI, Valverde G, García J. Hexagonal to lamellar mesostructural changes in silicate films caused by organic additives. Chem Mater. 2002;14:5153–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huo Q, Margolese DI, Ciesla U, Demuth DG, Feng P, Gier TE, Sieger P, Firouzi A, Chmelka BF, Schuth F, Stucky GD. Organisation of organic molecules with inorganic molecular species into nanocomposite biphase arrays. Chem Mater. 1994;6:1176–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hüsing N, Launay B, Doshi D, Kickelbick G. Mesostructured silica–titania mixed oxide thin films. Chem Mater. 2002;14:2429–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang YK, Lee K-C, Kwon Y-U. Nanoparticle routes to mesoporous titania thin films. Chem Commun. 2001;1738–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innocenzi P, Martucci A, Guglielmi M, Bearzotti A, Traversa E. Electrical and structural characterization of mesoporous silica thin films as humidity sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 2001a;76:299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenzi P, Martucci A, Guglielmi M, Bearzotti A, Traversa E, Pivin JC. Mesoporous silica thin films for alcohol sensors. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2001b;21:1985–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenzi P, Falcaro P, Grosso D, Babonneau F. Order–disorder transitions and evolution of silica structure in self-assembled mesostructured silica films studied through FTIR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B. 2003;107:4711–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Israelachvili JN. Thermodynamic and geometric aspects of amphiphile aggregation into micelles, vesicles and bilayers and the interactions between them. In: Corso XC, editor. Physics of Amphiphiles: Micelles, Vesicles and Microemulsions. Bologna: Soc. Italiana di Fisica; 1985. p. 24–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israelachvili JN. Surfactants in Solution. New York: Plenum; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima Y, Nakagawa M, Seki T, Ichimura K. Photo-orientation of mesostructured silica via hierarchical multiple transfer. Chem Mater. 2002;14:2842–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khramov AN, Munos J, Collinson MM. Preparation and characterization of macroporous silicate films. Langmuir. 2001;17:8112–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y-S, Yang S-M. Preparation of continuous mesoporous silica thin film on a porous tube. Adv Mater. 2002;14:1078–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y-S, Kusakabe K, Yang S-M. Microporous silica membrane synthesized on an ordered mesoporous silica sublayer. Chem Mater. 2003;15:612–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klotz M, Albouy P-A, Ayral A, Ménager C, Grosso D, Van der Lee A, Cabuil V, Babonneau F, Guizard C. The true structure of hexagonal mesophase-templated silica films as revealed by X-ray scattering: Effect of thermal treatments and of nanoparticle seeding. Chem Mater. 2000a;12:1721–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klotz M, Ayral A, Guizard C, Cot L. Synthesis conditions for hexagonal mesoporous silica layers. J Mater Chem. 2000b;10:663–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ko CH, Kim JM, Ryoo R. Mesocrystal engineering using non-bonded interaction to obtain optically transparent mesoporous silica films and plates with uniform orientation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 1998;21:235–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ, Vartuli JC, Beck JS. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesised by a liquid crystal template mechanism. Nature. 1992;359:710–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeau B, Fowler CE, Hall SR, Mann S. Transparent thin films and monoliths prepared from dye-functionalised ordered silica mesostructures. J Mater Chem. 1999;9:2279–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Nogami M. Pore-controlled proton conducting silica films. Adv Mater. 2002;14:912–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Nogami M. Ordered mesoporous phosphosilicate glass electrolyte film with low area specific resistivity. Chem Commun. 2003;236–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Fu L, Liu F, Wand W, Zhang H. Mesostructured thin film with covalently grafted europium complex. New J Chem. 2002;26:674–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Bontha JR, Kim AY, Baskaran S. Preparation of continuous mesoporous films on porous and dense substrates. In: Lobo RF, Beck JS, Suib SL, et al., editors. Microporous and Macroporous Materials. 431 Pittsburgh: MRS; 1996. p. 245–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu N, Assink RA, Brinker CJ. Synthesis and characterization of highly ordered mesoporous thin films with –COOH terminated pore surfaces. Chem Commun. 2003;370–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Ganguli R, Drewien CA, Anderson MT, Brinker CJ, Gong W, Guo Y, Soyez H, Dunn B, Huang MH, Zink JI. Continuous formation of supported cubic and hexagonal mesoporous films by sol–gel dip-coating. Nature. 1997;389:364–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Yang Y, Sellinger A, Lu M, Huang J, Fan H, Haddad R, Lopez G, Bums AR, Sasaki DY, Shelnutt J, Brinker CJ. Self-assembly of mesoscopically ordered chromatic polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites. Nature. 2001;410:913–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manne S, Schäffer TE, Huo Q, Hansma PK, Morse DE, Stucky GD, Aksay IA. Gemini surfactants at solid-liquid interfaces: Control of interfacial aggregate geometry. Langmuir. 1997;13:6382–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JE, Anderson MT, Odinek J, Newcomer P. Synthesis of periodic mesoporous silica thin films. Langmuir. 1997;13:4133–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melosh NA, Davidson P, Chmelka BF. Monolithic mesophase silica with large ordering domains. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122:823–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minoofar PN, Hemandez R, Chia S, Dunn B, Zink JI, Franville A-C. Placement and characterization of pairs of luminescent molecules in spatially separated regions of nanostructured thin films. J Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:14388–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Kuroda K. Alignment of mesoporous silica on a glass substrate by a rubbing method. Chem Mater. 1999a;11:1609–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Kuroda K. Alignment of mesostructured silica on a Langmuir–Blodgett film. Adv Mater. 1999b;11:1448–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Kuroda K. Preferred alignment of mesochannels in a mesoporous silica film grown on a silicon (1 1 0) surface. J Am Chem Soc. 1999c;121:7618–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Kuroda K. Formation of a continuous mesoporous silica film with fully aligned mesochannels on a glass substrate. Chem Mater. 2000;12:49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Kuroda K. Film to fibre transformation of preferentially aligned mesostructured silica. Adv Mater. 2001;13:558–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Noma T, Kuroda K. Preparation of mesoporous silica films with fully aligned large mesochannels using nonionic surfactants. Chem Mater. 2002;14:766–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata H, Itoh M, Watanabe M, Noma T. Preparation of highly ordered mesostructured tin oxide film with a microcrystalline framework through vapor-induced liquid-crystal templating. Chem Mater. 2003;15:1334–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine S, Endo A, Nakaiwa M, Nakane T, Kurumada K, Tanigaki M. Synthesis of submillimeter-thick films of surfactant templated mesoporous silica. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001a;43:181–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine S, Kurumada K, Tanigaki M, Endo A. Effects of catalytic acid and templating surfactant concentrations on mesostructure of submillimeter-thick mesoporous silica by solvent evaporation synthesis. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001b;49:57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiyama N, Koide A, Egashira Y, Ueyama K. Mesoporous MCM-48 membrane synthesised on a porous stainless steel support. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1998;2147–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishiyama N, Tanaka S, Egashira Y, Oku Y, Ueyama K. Enhancement of structural stability of mesoporous silica thin films prepared by spin-coating. Chem Mater. 2002;14:4229–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiyama N, Tanaka S, Egashira Y, Oku Y, Ueyama K. Vapor-phase synthesis of mesoporous silica thin films. Chem Mater. 2003;15:1006–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noma T, Takada K, Miyata H, Iida A. X-ray micro diffraction study on mesostructured silica thin films. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2001;467:1021–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M. Formation of novel oriented transparent films of layered silica–surfactant nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc. 1994;116:7941–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M. Incorporation of pyrene into an oriented transparent films of layered silica-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide nanocomposite. Langmuir. 1995;11:4639–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa MA. Simple sol–gel route for the preparation of silica–surfactant mesostructured materials. Chem Commun. 1996;1149–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M. Preparation of transparent thin films of silica–surfactant mesostructured materials. Supramol Sci. 1998;5:247–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Kikuchi T. Preparation of self-standing transparent films of silica-surfactant mesostructured materials and the conversion to porous silica films. Adv Mater. 1998;10:1077–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Masukawa N. Preparation of transparent thin films of lamellar, hexagonal and cubic silica-surfactant mesostructured materials by rapid solvent evaporation methods. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2000;38:35–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Igarashi T, Kuroda K. Preparation of transparent silica–surfactant nanocomposite films with controlled microstructures. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1997;70:2833–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Ishikawa H, Kikuchi T. Preparation of transparent mesoporous silica films by a rapid solvent evaporation method. J Mater Chem. 1998;8:1783–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Kuroda K, Mori J-I. Aluminium-containing mesoporous silica films as nano-vessels for organic photochemical reactions. Chem Commun. 2000;2441–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Ikeue K, Anpo M. Transparent self-standing films of titanium-containing nanoporous silica. Chem Mater. 2001;13:2900–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa M, Kuroda K, Mori J. Preparation of aluminum-containing mesoporous silica films. Langmuir. 2002;18:744–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe A, Fukushima T, Ariga K, Aida T. Color-tunable transparent mesoporous silica films: Immo-bilization of one-dimensional columnar charge-transfer assemblies in aligned silicate nanochannels. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2002;41:3414–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paik J-A, Fan S-K, Kim C-J, Wu MC, Dunn B. Micromachining of mesoporous oxide films for microelectromechanical system structures. J Mater Res. 2002;17:2121–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park GS, Ahn CW, Kim MW. Crystal morphology of mesoporous silica thin films synthesized by the spin-coating method using PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymer. J Am Ceram Soc. 2002;85:2542–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petkov N, Mintova S, Jean B, Metzger TH, Bein T. Stable mesostructured silicate films containing nanosized zeolite. Chem Mater. 2003;15:2240–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pidol L, Grosso D, Soler-lilia GJAA, Crepaldi EL, Sanchez C, Albouy PA, Amenitsch H, Euzen P. Hexagonally organised mesoporous aluminium–oxo-hydroxide thin films prepared by the template approach. In situ study of the structural formation. J Mater Chem. 2002;12:557–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plyuto Y, Berquier J-M, Jacquiod C, Ricolleau C. Ag nanoparticles synthesised in template-structured mesoporous silica films on a glass substrate. Chem Commun. 1999;1653–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roser S, Patel HM, Lovell MR, Muir JE, Mann S. X-ray reflection studies on the monolayer-mediated growth of mesostructured MCM-41 silica at the air/water interface. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1998;829–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles JL, Holt SA, Reynolds PA, Brown AS, Creagh DC, White JW. Observation of a cubic phase in mesoporous silicate films grown at the air/water interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 1999;1:323–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles JL, Holt SA, Reynolds PA, White JW. Synthesis of silica films at the air/water interface: Effect of template chain length and ionic strength. Langmuir. 2000;16:4613–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles JL, Gilbert EP, Holt SA, Reynolds PA, White JW. Expanded mesoporous silicate films grown at the air-water interface by addition of hydrocarbons. Langmuir. 2003;19:793–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan KM, Erts D, Olin H, Morris MA, Holmes JD. Three dimensional architectures of ultra-high density semiconducting nanowires deposited on chip. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:6284–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryoo R, Kim JM. Structural order in MCM-41 controlled by shifting silicate polymerisation equilibrium. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1995;711–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryoo R, Ko CH, Cho SJ, Kim JM. Optically transparent, single-crystal-like oriented mesoporous silica films and plates. J Phys Chem B. 1997;101:10610–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schacht S, Huo Q, Voigt-Martin IG, Stucky GD, Schuth F. Oil–water interface templating of mesoporous macroscale structures. Science. 1996;273:768–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellinger A, Weiss PM, Nguyen A, Lu Y, Assink RA, Gong W, Brinker JC. Continuous self-assembly of organic-inorganic nanocomposite coatings that mimic nacre. Nature. 1998;394:256–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimojima A, Kuroda K. Novel layered silica/organic polymer hybrid films with the interface linked by Si–C bonds. Chem Lett. 2000;29:1310–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimojima A, Sugahara Y, Kuroda K. Synthesis of oriented inorganic–organic nanocomposite films from alkyltrialkoxysilane–tetraalkoxysilane mixtures. J Am Chem Soc. 1998;120:4528–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler-Illia GJ, Crepaldi EL, Grosso D, Durand D, Sanchez C. Structural control in self-standing mesostructured silica oriented membranes and xerogels. Chem Commun. 2002;2298–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbiah S, Mokaya R. Synthesis of transparent and ordered mesoporous silica monolithic films embedded with monomeric zinc phthalocyanine dye. Chem Commun. 2003a;860–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbiah S, Mokaya R. Transparent thin films and monoliths synthesized from fullerene doped mesoporous silica: evidence for embedded monodispersed C60. Chem Commun. 2003b;92–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugimura H, Hozumi A, Kameyama T, Takai O. Controlled growth of mesostructures organic–inorganic composite films on oxide substrates defined with micrometer-scale dimensions. Adv Mater. 2001;13:667–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Templin M, Franck A, DuChesne A, Leist H, Zhang YM, Ulrich R, Schadler V, Wiesner U. Organically modified aluminosilicate mesostructures from block copolymer phases. Science. 1997;278:1795–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian B, Liu X, Tu B, Yu C, Fan J, Wang L, Xie S, Stucky GD, Zhao D. Self-adjusted synthesis of ordered stable mesoporous minerals by acid–base pairs. Nat Mater. 2003a;2:159–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian ZR, Liu J, Voigt JA, Mckenzie B, Xu H. Hierarchical and self-similar growth of self-assembled crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2003b;42:413–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian ZR, Liu J, Voigt JA, Xu H, Mcdermott MJ. Dendritic growth of cubically ordered nanoporous materials through self-assembly. Nano Lett. 2003c;3:89–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert SH, Schaffer TE, Feng J, Hansma PK, Stucky GD. A new phase of oriented mesoporous silicate thin films. Chem Mater. 1997;9:1962–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trau M, Yao N, Kim E, Xia Y, Whitesides GM, Aksay IA. Microscopic patterning of oriented mesoscopic silica through guided growth. Nature. 1997;390:674–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velev OD, Jede TA, Lobo RF, Lenhoff AM. Porous silica via colloidal crystallization. Nature. 1997;389:447–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Zhou WL, McCaughy BF, Hampsey JE, Ji X, Jiang Y-B, Xu H, Tang J, Schmehl RH, O’Connor C, Brinker CJ, Lu Y. Electrodeposition of metallic nanowire thin films using mesoporous silica templates. Adv Mater. 2003;15:130–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimsberger G, Stucky GD. Microring lasing from dye-doped silica/block copolymer nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 2000;12:2525–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimsberger G, Scott BJ, Stucky GD. pH sensing with mesoporous thin films. Chem Commun. 2001;119–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong EM, Markowitz MA, Qadri SB, Castner DG, Gaber BP. Preparation of quatemary ammonium organosilane functionalized mesoporous thin films. Langmuir. 2002a;18:972–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong EM, Markowitz MA, Qadri SB, Golledge S, Castner DG, Gaber BP. Hybrid organic-inorganic quatemary ammonium organosilane functionalized mesoporous thin films. J Phys Chem B. 2002b;106:6652–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu A-W, Cai Y-P, Zhang L-Z, Yu JC. Oxide monoliths and films with unusual long-range highly ordered lamellar structures. Adv Mater. 2002a;14:1064–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu A-W, Yu JC, Zhang H-X, Zhang L-Z, Kuang D-B, Fang Y-P. Continuous formation of supported unusual mesostructured silica films by sol–gel dip coating. Langmuir. 2002b;18:9570–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada T, Zhou HS, Uchida H, Tomita M, Ueno Y, Honma I, Asai K, Katsube T. Application of a cubic-like mesoporous silica film to a surface photovoltage gas sensing system. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2002;54:269–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Coombs N, Sokolov I, Ozin GA. Free standing and oriented mesoporous silica films grown at the air-water interface. Nature. 1996a;381:589–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Kuperman A, Coombs N, Mamiche-Mara S, Ozin GA. Synthesis of oriented films of mesoporous silica on mica. Nature. 1996b;379:703–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Coombs N, Dag O, Sokolov I, Ozin GA. Free-standing mesoporous silica films: Mor-phogenesis of channel and surface patterns. J Mater Chem. 1997a;7:1755–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Coombs N, Ozin GA. Mesoporous silica with micrometer-scale designs. Adv Mater. 1997b;9:811–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Coombs N, Sokolov I, Ozin GA. Registered growth of mesoporous silica films on graphite. J Mater Chem. 1997c;7:1285–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Coombs N, Ozin GA. Thickness control and defects in oriented mesoporous silica films. J Mater Chem. 1998a;8:1205–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Ozin GA, Kresge CT. The role of defects in the formation of mesoporous silica fibres, films and curved shapes. Adv Mater. 1998b;10:883–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang P, Deng T, Zhao D, Feng P, Pine D, Chmelka BF, Whitesides GM, Stucky GD. Heirar-chically ordered oxides. Science. 1998c;282:2244–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang P, Zhao D, Margolese DI, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Generalised syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks. Nature. 1998d;396:152–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang PD, Zhao DY, Margolese Dl, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Block copolymer templating syntheses of mesoporous metal oxides with large ordering lengths and semicrystalline framework. Chem Mater. 1999;11:2813–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang PD, Wimsberger G, Huang HC, Cordero SR, McGehee MD, Scott B, Deng T, Whitesides GM, Chmelka BF, Buratto SK, Stucky GD. Mirrorless lasing from mesostructured waveguides patterned by soft lithography. Science. 2000;287:465–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Shi Q, Tian B, Xie S, Zhang F, Yan Y, Tu B, Zhao D. A fast way for preparing crack-free mesostructured silica monolith. Chem Mater. 2003;15:536–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao N, Ku AY, Nakagawa N, Lee T, Saville DA, Aksay IA. Disorder–order transition in mesoscopic silica thin films. Chem Mater. 2000;12:1536–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun H-S, Miyazawa K, Zhou H, Honma I, Kuwahara M. Synthesis of mesoporous thin TiO2 films with hexagonal pore structures using triblock copolymer templates. Adv Mater. 2001;13:1377–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zana R, Frash J, Soulard M, Lebeau B, Patarin J. Fluorescence probing investigations of the mechanism of formation of organized mesoporous silica. Langmuir. 1999;15:2603–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Feng J, Huo Q, Melosh N, Fredrickson GH, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 Å pores. Science. 1998a;279:548–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Yang P, Margolese DI, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Synthesis of continuous mesoporous silica thin films with three-dimensional accessible pore structures. Chem Commun. 1998b;2499–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Yang P, Melosh N, Feng J, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Continuous mesoporous silica films with highly ordered large pore structures. Adv Mater. 1998c;10:1380–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Yang P, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD. Multiphase assembly of mesoporous-macroporous membranes. Chem Mater. 1999;11:1174–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou HS, Kundu D, Honma I. Synthesis of oriented meso-structure silica functional thin films. J Eur Ceram Soc. 1999;19:1361–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu HG, Jones DJ, Zajac J, Roziere J, Dutartre R. Periodic large mesoporous organosilicas from lyotropic liquid crystal polymer templates. Chem Commun. 2001;2568–9.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, 1 South 1.04, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK

    Karen J. Edler

Authors
  1. Karen J. Edler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karen J. Edler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA

    Lisa Klein

  2. Madrid, Spain

    Mario Aparicio

  3. City University of New York, New York, USA

    Andrei Jitianu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Edler, K.J. (2017). Formation of Ordered Mesoporous Thin Films Through Templating. In: Klein, L., Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A. (eds) Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_26-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_26-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation