Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Menopausal Hormone Therapy

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Gynecology

  • 1926 Accesses

Abstract

Menopause is associated with physical changes secondary to the loss of estrogen, including hot flushes, vaginal dryness, and bone demineralization that may have a profound impact on a woman’s quality of life. With the aging population, management of climacteric symptoms will become routine in gynecologic practice. The purpose of this chapter is to review the physiology of perimenopause, to discuss the appropriate use of hormonal therapy for management of menopausal symptoms, to discuss other benefits afforded from hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), and to discuss considerations for special populations when using hormonal therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed Al-Badr Ross S, Soroka D, Drutz HP. What is the available evidence for hormone replacement therapy in women with stress urinary incontinence? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003;25:567–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion 556: postmenopausal estrogen therapy: route of administration and risk of venous thromboembolism. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(4):887–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of menopausal symptoms. Practice bulletin No. 141. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:202–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2014;291(14):1701–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke WM, Orr J, Leitao M, et al. Endometrial cancer: a review and current management strategies: part II. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;134(2):393–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, et al. Estrogen treatment for symptoms of an overactive bladder, results of a meta-analysis. Int J Urogynaecol. 2001;12:V.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cody JD, Richardson K, Moehrer B, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD001405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:351–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen PS, Rasmussen H. Low dose 17b-oestradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol. 1992;44:137–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz MA, Speroff L. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40–55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:463–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González M, Viáfara G, Caba F, Molina E. Sexual function, menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Maturitas. 2004;48(4):411–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey M, Saunders CM, Stuckey BG. Management of menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer: an evidence-based approach. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:687–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenemans P, Bundred NJ, Foidart JM, et al. Safety and efficacy of tibolone in breast-cancer patients with vasomotor symptoms: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):135–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg F. Hot flashes: epidemiology and physiology. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;592:52–86. 123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay R, Gallagher J, Kagan R, Pickar J, Constantine G. Efficacy of tissue-selective estrogen complex of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for osteoporosis prevention in at-risk postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(3):1045–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin K, Barbieri R. Treatment of menopausal symptoms with hormone therapy. 2014; Available from: www.uptodate.com

  • Menon KV, Angulo P, Boe GM, Lindor KD. Safety and efficacy of estrogen therapy in preventing bone loss in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(4):889–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi M, Cagnacci A, Pansini FE, De aloysio D, Sgarabotto MP, Bacchi-modena A. Neutral effect of prolonged transdermal hormone therapy on liver function of postmenopausal women with chronic active hepatitis. Menopause. 2005;12(5):619–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sator PG, Sator MO, Schmidt JB, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the influence of a hormone replacement therapy on skin aging in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2007;10(4):320–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shim SH, Lee SJ, Kim SN. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on the rate of recurrence in endometrial cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(9):1628–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versi E, Cardozo LD. Oestrogens and lower urinary tract function. In: Studd JWW, Whitehead MI, editors. The menopause. Oxford: Blackwell; 1988. p. 76–84.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Benjamin J. Barenberg & Stephanie D. Pickett

Authors
  1. Benjamin J. Barenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephanie D. Pickett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamin J. Barenberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Donna Shoupe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Barenberg, B.J., Pickett, S.D. (2017). Menopausal Hormone Therapy. In: Shoupe, D. (eds) Handbook of Gynecology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_48

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_48

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17797-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17798-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation