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Handbook of Gynecology pp 517–530Cite as

Management of Risks Factors for Older Women: Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease are common conditions in older women, with a high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality after the menopausal transition. Osteoporosis is more common in women than in men, occurring primarily after menopause when estrogen levels drop. Fractures are the most concerning complication of osteoporosis in women, with the hip, vertebrae, and forearm as the most common sites of fracture. Risk factors and non-pharmacologic prevention, diagnosis, and pharmacologic management are reviewed in this chapter. New attitudes toward the use of hormone replacement are also addressed.

Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed in this chapter, specifically those unique to women such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, menopause, and certain complications of pregnancy.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Katrina Wade

  2. Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Alexander M. Quaas

Authors
  1. Katrina Wade
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  2. Alexander M. Quaas
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Correspondence to Katrina Wade .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Donna Shoupe

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

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Wade, K., Quaas, A.M. (2017). Management of Risks Factors for Older Women: Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease. In: Shoupe, D. (eds) Handbook of Gynecology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_47

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17798-4_47

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17797-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17798-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

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