Skip to main content

Sexual Contact and Sexual Disgust

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 118 Accesses

Synonyms

Sexual aversions; Sexual avoidance; Sexual preferences

Definition

Sexual disgust is an emotion that functions to motivate individuals to avoid the pursuit or acceptance of fitness-compromising sexual behaviors.

Introduction

Sexual reproduction likely evolved because, relative to asexual reproduction, it produces offspring that are better equipped for battle in arms races against pathogens (Ridley 1993). In light of its evolutionary history, the fact that sexual intercourse can result in genital warts, herpes, chlamydia, and HIV (among other infectious diseases) can seem like a humorous counterattack from pathogens. Of course, the pathogens transmitted sexually are not necessarily the same ones that would benefit from a pool of genetically homogenous hosts; specific viruses and bacteria (along with other critters) have evolved to occupy a niche in the ecological space created by reliable genital-to-genital contact between conspecifics. These sexually transmitted pathogens –...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Boots, M., & Knell, R. J. (2002). The evolution of risky behaviour in the presence of asexually transmitted disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 269, 585–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R., Scott, I. M., Maklakov, A. A., Kasumovic, M. M., Clark, A. P., & Penton-Voak, I. S. (2011). National income inequality predicts women’s preferences for masculinized faces better than health does. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 810–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Barra, M., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Mahmud, Z. H., & Curtis, V. A. (2013). Illness in childhood predicts face preferences in adulthood. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34, 384–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Crawford, J. R., Welling, L. L., & Little, A. C. (2010a). The health of a nation predicts their mate preferences: Cross-cultural variation in women's preferences for masculinized male faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 277, 2405–2410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2010b). Women’s preferences for masculinity in male faces are predicted by pathogen disgust, but not by moral or sexual disgust. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 69–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 541–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischman, D. S. (2014). Women’s disgust adaptations. In Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behavior (pp. 277–296). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folstad, I., & Karter, A. J. (1992). Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist, 3, 603–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. J. A., & Anglin, J. M. (2003). Facial attractiveness predicts longevity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 351–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasienska, G., Ziomkiewicz, A., Ellison, P. T., Lipson, S. F., & Thune, I. (2004). Large breasts and narrow waists indicate high reproductive potential in women. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271, 1213–1217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. C., Feinberg, D. R., Watkins, C. D., Fincher, C. L., Little, A. C., & DeBruine, L. M. (2013). Pathogen disgust predicts women’s preferences for masculinity in men’s voices, faces, and bodies. Behavioral Ecology, 24, 373–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kokko, H., Brooks, R., McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (2002a). The sexual selection continuum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 269, 331–1340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kokko, H., Ranta, E., Ruxton, G., & Lundberg, P. (2002b). Sexually transmitted disease and the evolution of mating systems. Evolution, 56, 1091–1100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. J., & Zietsch, B. P. (2015). Women’s pathogen disgust predicting preference for facial masculinity may be specific to age and study design. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36, 249–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. J., Brooks, R. C., Potter, K. J., & Zietsch, B. P. (2015). Pathogen disgust sensitivity and resource scarcity are associated with mate preference for different waist-to-hip ratios, shoulder-to-hip ratios, and body mass index. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36, 480–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, A. C., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2011). Exposure to visual cues of pathogen contagion changes preferences for masculinity and symmetry in opposite-sex faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 2032–2039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loehle, C. (1995). Social barriers to pathogen transmission in wild animal populations. Ecology, 76, 326–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, W. D., & Immerman, R. S. (2000). Sexually transmitted diseases, pair bonding, fathering, and alliance formation: Disease avoidance behaviors as a proposed element in human evolution. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 1, 49–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, D. V., & Day, T. (2014). Sexually transmitted infection and the evolution of serial monogamy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20141726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. F., & Todd, P. M. (1998). Mate choice turns cognitive. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 190–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, D. R., Jones, D. N., & Schaller, M. (2013). Perceived threat of infectious disease and its implications for sexual attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 103–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, D. R., Fessler, D. M., Kerry, N., White, C., & Marin, M. (2017). The kiss of death: Three tests of the relationship between disease threat and ritualized physical contact within traditional cultures. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38, 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009). Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 303–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. H., van Leeuwen, F., & Stephen, I. D. (2012). Homeliness is in the disgust sensitivity of the beholder: Relatively unattractive faces appear especially unattractive to individuals higher in pathogen disgust. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 569–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, M. (1993). The red queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature. New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M., & Murray, D. R. (2008). Pathogens, personality and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 212–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, I. M., Clark, A. P., Boothroyd, L. G., & Penton-Voak, I. S. (2012). Do men’s faces really signal heritable immunocompetence? Behavioral Ecology, 24, 579–589.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D. (1993). Body shape and women’s attractiveness – The critical role of waist-to-hip ratio. Human Nature, 4, 297–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1993). Human facial beauty. Human Nature, 4, 237–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., & Gangestad, S. W. (2011). Mate preferences and infectious disease: Theoretical considerations and evidence in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 3375–3388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., & Lieberman, D. (2016). Human pathogen avoidance adaptations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 7, 6–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 103–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. Psychological Review, 120, 65–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tybur, J. M., Inbar, Y., Güler, E., & Molho, C. (2015). Is the relationship between pathogen avoidance and ideological conservatism explained by sexual strategies? Evolution and Human Behavior, 36, 489–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeden, J., & Sabini, J. (2005). Physical attractiveness and health in Western societies: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 635–653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joshua M. Tybur .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Tybur, J.M. (2016). Sexual Contact and Sexual Disgust. In: Weekes-Shackelford, V., Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2981-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2981-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics