This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Adams, R. B., Jr., Ambady, N., Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (Eds.). (2011). The science of social vision. New York: Oxford University Press.
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Alt, N. P., Goodale, B., Lick, D. J., & Johnson, K. L. (2017). Threat in the company of men: Ensemble perception and threat evaluations of groups varying in sex ratio. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617731498.
Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 291–322. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291.
Balcetis, E., & Lassiter, D. G. (Eds.). (2010). Social psychology of visual perception. New York: Psychology Press.
Barclay, C. D., Cutting, J. E., & Kozlowski, L. T. (1978). Temporal and spatial factors in gait perception that influence gender recognition. Perception & Psychophysics, 23(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208295.
Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Blackwell, K. C., & Smith, D. M. (2007). The confounded nature of angry men and happy women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.179.
Bird, B. M., Cid Jofré, V. S., Geniole, S. N., Welker, K. M., Zilioli, S., Maestripieri, D., … Carré, J. M. (2016). Does the facial width-to-height ratio map onto variability in men’s testosterone concentrations? Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(5), 392–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.03.004.
Boucherie, A., Jørkov, M. L., & Smith, M. (2017). Wounded to the bone: Digital microscopic analysis of traumas in a medieval mass grave assemblage (Sandbjerget, Denmark, AD 1300–1350). International Journal of Paleopathology, 19, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.10.005.
Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In A dual process model of impression formation (pp. 1–36). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brown, E., & Perrett, D. I. (1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22(7), 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1068/p220829.
Bruce, V., Burton, A. M., Hanna, E., Healey, P., Mason, O., Coombes, A., … Linney, A. (1993). Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception, 22(2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1068/p220131.
Campbell, R., Benson, P. J., Wallace, S. B., Doesbergh, S., & Coleman, M. (1999). More about brows: How poses that change brow position affect perceptions of gender. Perception, 28(4), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1068/p2784.
Carpinella, C. M., Chen, J. M., Hamilton, D. L., & Johnson, K. L. (2015). Gendered facial cues influence race categorizations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(3), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214567153.
Cutting, J. E. (1978). Generation of synthetic male and female walkers through manipulation of a biomechanical invariant. Perception, 7(4), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1068/p070393.
de Gelder, B. (2006). Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 7, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1872.
DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Boothroyd, L. G., Perrett, D. I., Penton-Voak, I. S., et al. (2006). Correlated preferences for facial masculinity and ideal or actual partners masculinity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1592), 1355–1360. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3445.
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1–74). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60317-2.
Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2011). A dynamic interactive theory of person construal. Psychological Review, 118(2), 247–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022327.
Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., Rule, N. O., & Johnson, K. L. (2008). Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 137(4), 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013875.
Gaetano, J., van der Zwan, R., Blair, D., & Brooks, A. (2014). Hands as sex cues: Sensitivity measures, male bias measures, and implications for sex perception mechanisms. PLoS One, 9(3), e91032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091032.
Gangestad, S. W., & Scheyd, G. J. (2005). The evolution of human physical attractiveness. Annual Review of Anthropology, Palo Alto, 34, 523–548.
Geniole, S. N., Denson, T. F., Dixson, B. J., Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2015). Evidence from meta-analyses of the facial width-to-height ratio as an evolved cue of threat. PLoS One, 10(7), e0132726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132726.
Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Ganel, T. (2000). Repetition priming for familiar and unfamiliar faces in a sex-judgment task: Evidence for a common route for the processing of sex and identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1198–1214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1198.
Gray, P. J., & Wolfe, L. D. (2005). Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 53(3), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330530314.
Haselhuhn, M. P., Ormiston, M. E., & Wong, E. M. (2015). Men’s facial width-to-height ratio predicts aggression: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122637. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122637.
Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 81–91 https://doi.org/10.1037110022-3514.78.1.81.
Hertenstein, M. J., & Keltner, D. (2011). Gender and the communication of emotion via touch. Sex Roles, 64, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9842-y.
Hess, U., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2004). Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression. Emotion, 4, 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.4.378.
Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.616.
Johnson, K. L., & Adams, R. B. (2013). Social vision: An introduction. Social Cognition, 31(6), 633–635. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2013.31.6.633a.
Johnson, K. L., & Tassinary, L. G. (2005). Perceiving sex directly and indirectly: Meaning in motion and morphology. Psychological Science, 16(11), 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01633.x.
Johnson, K. L., & Tassinary, L. G. (2007). Compatibility of basic social perceptions determines perceived attractiveness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(12), 5246–5251. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608181104.
Johnson, K. L., McKay, L. S., & Pollick, F. E. (2011). He throws like a girl (but only when he’s sad): Emotion affects sex-decoding of biological motion displays. Cognition, 119(2), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.016.
Johnson, K. L., Freeman, J. B., & Pauker, K. (2012a). Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025335.
Johnson, K. L., Iida, M., & Tassinary, L. G. (2012b). Person (mis)perception: Functionally biased sex categorization of bodies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1749), 4982–4989. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2060.
Johnston, V. S., Hagel, R., Franklin, M., Fink, B., & Grammer, K. (2001). Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(4), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00066-6.
Johnston, L., Porter, R., Mackenzie, A., & Miles, B. (2011). Fluctuations in testosterone levels and person construal in male perceivers. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 15(4), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2011.00061.x.
Keating, C. F. (1985). Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033782.
Kellermann, A. L., & Mercy, J. A. (1992). Men, women, and murder: Gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 33(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199207000-00001.
Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception & Psychophysics, 21(6), 575–580. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198740.
Lass, N. J., Hughes, K. R., Bowyer, M. D., Waters, L. T., & Bourne, V. T. (1976). Speaker sex identification from voiced, whispered, and filtered isolated vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 59(3), 675–678. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380917.
Li, X., Logan, R. J., & Pastore, R. E. (1991). Perception of acoustic source characteristics: Walking sounds. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90(6), 3036–3049. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.401778.
Lippa, R. (2006). Sex typing and the perception of body outlines. Journal of Personality, 51(4), 667–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00873.x.
Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 268(1462), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1327.
Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., & DeBruine, L. M. (2011). Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary based research. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 366(1571), 1638. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0404.
Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 93–120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.93.
Macrae, C. N., & Martin, D. (2007). A boy primed Sue: Feature-based processing and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.406.
Macrae, C. N., Alnwick, K. A., Milne, A. B., & Schloerscheidt, A. M. (2002). Person perception across the menstrual cycle: Hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning. Psychological Science, 13(6), 532–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00493.
McArthur, L. Z., & Baron, R. M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90(3), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.3.215.
Nagy, E., Németh, E., & Molnár, P. (2000). From unidentified to “misidentified” newborn: Male bias in recognition of sex. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(1), 102–104. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.1.102.
O’Toole, A. J., Deffenbacher, K. A., Valentin, D., McKee, K., Huff, D., & Abdi, H. (1998). The perception of face gender: The role of stimulus structure in recognition and classification. Memory and Cognition, 26(1), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211378.
Penton-Voak, I., & Perrett, D. (2000). Female preference for male faces changes cyclically. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00033-1.
Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., Penton-Voak, I., Rowland, D., Yoshikawa, S., Burt, D.M., … Akamatsu, S. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394(6696), 884–887. https://doi.org/10.1038/29772
Plant, E. A., Hyde, J. S., Keltner, D., & Devine, P. G. (2000). The gender stereotyping of emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x.
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066.
Quadflieg, S., Flannigan, N., Waiter, G. D., Rossion, B., Wig, G. S., Turk, D. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2011). Stereotype-based modulation of person perception. NeuroImage, 57(2), 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.004.
Ramsey, J. L., Langlois, J. H., & Marti, N. C. (2005). Infant categorization of faces: Ladies first. Developmental Review, 25(2), 212–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2005.01.001.
Russell, R. (2009). A sex difference in facial contrast and its exaggeration by cosmetics. Perception, 38(8), 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6331.
Silveira, J. (1980). Generic masculine words and thinking. Women’s Studies International Quarterly, 3(2–3), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-0685(80)92113-2.
Stroessner, S. (1996). Social categorization by race or sex: Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times. Social Cognition, 14(3), 247–276. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1996.14.3.247.
Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L., & Ruderman, A. J. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(7), 778–793. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.778.
Welker, K. M., Bird, B. M., & Arnocky, S. (2016). Commentary: Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is not associated with adolescent testosterone levels. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01745.
Westbrook, L., & Saperstein, A. (2015). New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender and Society, 29(4), 534–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215584758.
Zhou, W., Yang, X., Chen, K., Cai, P., He, S., & Jiang, Y. (2014). Chemosensory communication of gender through two human steroids in a sexually dimorphic manner. Current Biology, 24(10), 1091–1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.035.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Johnson, K.L., Alt, N.P. (2018). Categorization by Sex. In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2428-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2428-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences