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Cellulose from Lignocellulosic Waste

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Polysaccharides

Abstract

Bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel and value-added products is globally gaining significant importance. Lignocellulosic wastes are the most promising feedstock considering its great availability and low cost. Biomass conversion process involves mainly two steps: hydrolysis of cellulose in the lignocellulosic biomass to produce reducing sugars and fermentation of the sugars to ethanol and other bioproducts. However, sugars necessary for fermentation are trapped inside the recalcitrant structure of the lignocellulose. Hence, pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes is always necessary to alter and/or remove the surrounding matrix of lignin and hemicellulose in order to improve the hydrolysis of cellulose. These pretreatments cause physical and/or chemical changes in the plant biomass in order to achieve this result. Each pretreatment has a specific effect on the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fraction. Thus, the pretreatment methods and conditions should be chosen according to the process configuration selected for the subsequent hydrolysis steps. In general, pretreatment methods can be classified into four categories, including physical, physicochemical, chemical, and biological pretreatment. This chapter addresses different pretreatment technologies envisaging enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production and other bioproducts. It primarily covers the structure of lignocellulosic wastes; the characteristics of different pretreatment methods; enzymatic hydrolysis; fermentation and bioproducts; and future research challenges and trends.

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Abbreviations

BGL:

β-Glucosidase

CBH:

Cellobiohydrolase

CBP:

Consolidated bioprocessing

CF:

Co-fermentation

CMC:

Carboxymethylcellulose

CMCase:

Carboxymethylcellulase

DP:

Degree of polymerization

EG:

Endoglucanase

[emim][OAc]:

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GRAS:

Generally recognized as safe

IUBMB:

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

MFC:

Microfibrillated cellulose

PDLA:

Poly(d-lactic acid)

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PLLA:

Poly(l-lactic acid)

PW:

Primary wall

SHF:

Separate hydrolysis and fermentation

SSCF:

Simultaneous saccharification to co-fermentation

SSF:

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

SSF:

Solid-state fermentation

SSSF:

Semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

SW:

Secondary wall

SW1:

Secondary wall inner layer

SW2:

Secondary wall middle layer

SW3:

Secondary wall outer layer

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    Michele Michelin & Maria Lourdes T. M. Polizeli

  2. Food Research Department, Biorefinery Group, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. José Cárdenas Valdés, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

    Héctor A. Ruiz

  3. Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Aracaju, Brazil

    Daniel P. Silva & Denise S. Ruzene

  4. Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    José A. Teixeira

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  1. Michele Michelin
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  2. Héctor A. Ruiz
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  5. José A. Teixeira
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  6. Maria Lourdes T. M. Polizeli
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Correspondence to Michele Michelin .

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  1. Botany Department, M.L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

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Michelin, M., Ruiz, H.A., Silva, D.P., Ruzene, D.S., Teixeira, J.A., Polizeli, M.L.T.M. (2015). Cellulose from Lignocellulosic Waste. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Polysaccharides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_52

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