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Polysaccharides pp 1219–1250Cite as

Production, Upgrading and Analysis of Bio-oils Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass

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Abstract

In view of the increase in global energy requirements, pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass gains significant impetus as a promising source of renewable energy and valuable chemicals. This pyrolysis oil is a complex mixture of simple organic, inorganic, and macromolecular compounds formed as a result of thermochemical breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass. It has high oxygen content and consequently a very low calorific value which renders it useless for fuel applications. As a result, appropriate upgrading is essential to make it a viable alternative to petroleum fuels. Analytical chemistry plays a key role in revealing compositional important information and helps in developing molecular-level understanding. Bio-oil production and upgrading research aimed at building up of commercial production and refining units concerns monitoring of quality and stability of initial and final products which rely strongly on analytical approaches. In the ensuing discussion, fundamental and practical aspects of research in this area have been presented. Chemical analysis with different state-of-the-art analytical techniques has been discussed in addition to the sample preparation methods.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

AES:

Atomic emission spectroscopy

APCI:

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

CI:

Chemical ionization

DART:

Direct analysis in real time

DEPT:

Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer

DESI:

Desorption electrospray ionization

DTG:

Differential thermogravimetry

EI:

Electron ionization

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FAB:

Fast atom bombardment

FI:

Field ionization

FID:

Flame ionization detector

FT-ICR-MS:

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GC:

Gas chromatography

GC × GC:

Two dimensional gas chromatography

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

GPC:

Gel permeation chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPTLC:

High-performance thin layer chromatography

HRMS:

High-resolution mass spectrometry

HS-SPME:

Headspace solid-phase microextraction

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

LDI:

Laser desorption ionization

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Py-FI–MS:

Py-FI–MS

Py–GC–MS:

Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

SDME:

Single-drop microextraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

SLE:

Solid-supported liquid–liquid extraction

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

TCD:

Thermal conductivity detector

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TOF:

Time of flight

UV:

Ultraviolet spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Analytical Sciences Division, Mass Spectrometry Area, Electron Microscopy Area, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, 248005, Uttarakhand, India

    Pankaj K. Kanaujia

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  1. Pankaj K. Kanaujia
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Correspondence to Pankaj K. Kanaujia .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, M.L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

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Kanaujia, P.K. (2015). Production, Upgrading and Analysis of Bio-oils Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Polysaccharides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_41

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