Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Contemporary Kidney Transplantation pp 1–43Cite as

Radiology of Kidney Transplantation

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:

  • 170 Accesses

Part of the book series: Organ and Tissue Transplantation ((OTT))

Abstract

Radiologic imaging procedures include a wide array of modalities and many are indicated in the diagnosis and treatment of renal transplant recipients and donors. In the renal donor candidate, CT is the optimal imaging modality for anatomic assessment and MRI is a potential alternative. CT is also utilized for the vascular evaluation of recipients at risk for peripheral vascular disease. Imaging modalities are central to the diagnosis and treatment of renal transplantation complications. Ultrasound (US) is the first-line imaging modality to evaluate allograft dysfunction with utility for identifying parenchymal and vascular complications, fluid collections, and urinary complications. While renal scintigraphy provides an alternative to US in assessing graft dysfunction and detecting these complications, CT and MRI serve an ancillary role. Interventional radiology procedures in the posttransplant setting include a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Arteriography confirms arterial disease and precedes angioplasty/stenting for renal artery stenosis and embolization for arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm. Urologic complications are treated with procedures such as percutaneous nephrostomy, urinary stent placement, or stricture angioplasty. Image-guided fluid collection drainage is usually accomplished with ultrasound, reserving CT for cases in which a poor acoustic window limits US.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Abrams HL (1983) Renal venography. In: Abrams HL (ed) Abrams’ angiography, 2nd edn. Little, Brown, Boston, pp 1327–1364. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Absy M, Metreweli C, Matthews C, A.Al Khader A. (1987) Changes in transplanted kidney volume measured by ultrasound. BJR 60:525–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ACR Manual on Contrast Media, Version 9 (2013) Retrieved 13 Aug 2016 from: http://www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Resources/~/media/37D844F1D4E1B9A3A2918DA9E28A3.pdf

  • Ahmad I (2004) Biopsy of the transplanted kidney. Semin Interv Radiol 21:275–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aktas A (2014) Transplanted kidney function evaluation. Semin Nucl Med 44:129–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali A, Rajagoppal P, Sayed A, Hakim N, David T, Papalois P (2012) Transplant of kidneys with small renal cell carcinoma in incompatible, heavily immunosuppressed recipients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 94(6):e189–e190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Andreoni KA, Weeks SM, Gerber DA et al (2002) Incidence of donor renal fibro- muscular dysplasia: does it justify routine angiography? Transplantation 73(7):1112–1116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bach D, Wirth C, Schott G, Hollenbeck M, Grabensee B (1999) Percutaneous renal biopsy: 3 years of experience with the biopsy gun in 761 cases – a survey of results and complications. Int Urol Nephrol 31:15–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker NA, Pruim J, de Graaf W, van Son WJ, van der Jagt EJ, van Imhoff GW (2006) PTLD visualization by FDG-PET: improved detection of extranodal localizations. Am J Transplant 6:1984–1985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA, van Son WJ (2007) Presentation and early detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int 20:207–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balzer KM, Grotemeyer D, Pfeiffer T et al (2007) Fibromuscular dysplasia and renal transplantation. Lancet 369(9557):187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett LN, Voegeli DR, Crummy AB, McDermott JC, Jensen SR, Sollinger HW (1986) Urologic complications following renal transplantation: role of interventional radiologic procedures. Radiology 160:531–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat VJ, Gordon RL, Osorio RW et al (1998) Ureteral obstructions and leaks after renal transplantation: outcome of percutaneous antegrade ureteral stent placement in 44 patients. Radiology 209:159–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi E, Pascual M, Nicod M, Delaloye AB, Duchosal MA (2008) Clinical usefulness of FDG-PET/CT scan imaging in the management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 85:707–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bin PS, Kon KJ, Kyoung-Sik C (2007) Complications of renal transplantation: ultrasonographic evaluation. J Ultras Med 26(5):615–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondin D, Lanzman R, Schellhammer F, Oels M, Grotemeyer D, Baldus SE, Rump LC, Sandmann W, Voiculescu A (2010) Fibromuscular dysplasia in living renal donors: still a challenge to tomographic angiography. Eur J Radiol 75:67–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borhani AA, Hosseinzadeh K, Almusa O, Furlan A, Nalesnik M (2009) Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Radiographics 29(4):981–1000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosniak MA (1981) Angiomyolipoma (hamartoma) of the kidney: a preoperative diagnosis is possible in virtually every case. Urol Radiol 3:135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosniak MA (1986) The current radiological approach to renal cysts. Radiology 158:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boubaker A, Prior JO, Meuwly JY et al (2006) Radionuclide investigations of the urinary tract in the era of multimodality imaging. J Nucl Med 47:1819–1836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brockis JG, Hulbert JC, Patel AS et al (1978) The diagnosis and treatment of lymphocoeles associated with renal transplantation: a report of 6 cases and a review of the literature. Br J Urol 50:307–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chai JW, Lee W, Yin YH et al (2008) CT angiography for living kidney donors: accuracy, cause of misinterpretation and prevalence of variation. Korean J Radiol 9(4):333–339

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury AR, Chakraborty D, Bhattacharya P, Dey RK (2013) Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: a diagnostic dilemma: case report in a 30-year-old woman. Urol Ann 5(2):119–121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curry NS, Cochran ST, Bissada NK (2000) Cystic renal masses: accurate Bosniak classification requires adequate renal CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:339–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuttino JT, Clark RL (1990) The normal vasculature of the genitourinary tract: embryology, anatomy, and hemodynamics. In: Hillman BJ (ed) Clinical urography, vol 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2076–2091

    Google Scholar 

  • Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Cohan RH, Dillman JR, Ellis JH (2013) Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material: risk stratification by using estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology 268(3):719–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubovsky EV, Russell CD, Bischo-Delaloye A et al (1999) Report of the radionuclides in nephrourology committee for evaluation of transplanted kidney (review of techniques). Semin Nucl Med 29:175–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duty BD, Conlin MJ, Fuchs EF, Barry JM (2013) The current role of endourologic management of renal transplantation complications. Adv Urol 2013. Article ID 246520, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/246520

  • Edwards JM, Zaccardi MJ, Strandness DE Jr (1992) A preliminary study of the role of duplex scanning in defining the adequacy of treatment of patients with renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg 15(4):604–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einstein DM, Herts BR, Weaver R, Obuchowski N, Zepp R, Singer A (1995) Evaluation of renal masses detected by excretory urography: cost-effectiveness of sonography versus CT. AJR 164:371–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson P, Mohammed AA, De Geer J, Kihlberg J, Persson A, Granerus G, Nyström F, Smedby Ö (2010) Non-invasive investigations of potential renal artery stenosis in renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25(11):3607–3614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson RM, Henry ML (1993) Transplantation and immunology. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 516–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine AB, Nijjar A, Rangaraj R (1997) Update on the use of percutaneous nephrostomy/balloon dilation for the treatment of renal transplant leak/obstruction. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 8:649–653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler KAB, Locken JA, Duchesne JH, Williamson MR (2002) US for detecting renal calculi with nonenhanced CT as a reference standard. Radiology 222(1):109–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H (2003) Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size. J Urol 170:2217–2220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freire M, Remer EM (2009) Clinical radiology features of cystic renal masses. AJR 192(5):1367–1372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grotemeyer D, Voiculescu A, Iskandar F et al (2009) Renal cysts in living donor kidney transplantation: long-term follow-up in 25 patients. Transplant Proc 41(10):4047–4051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hariharan S (2006) Recommendations for outpatient monitoring of kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 47(4):S22–S36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harisinghani MG, Maher MM, Gervais DA, McGovern F, Hahn P, Jhaveri K, Varghese J, Mueller PR (2003) Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery? AJR 180(3):755–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison LH, Flye MW, Seigler HF (1978) Incidence of anatomical variants in renal vasculature in the presence of normal renal function. Ann Surg 188:83–89

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ho VB, Choyke PL (2004) MR evaluation of solid renal masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12:413–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann LV, Smith PA, Kuszyk BS, Kraus E, Fishman EK (1999) Three-dimensional helical CT angiography in renal transplant recipients: a new problem-solving tool. AJR 173:1085–1089

    Google Scholar 

  • Huraib S, Goldberg H, Katz A et al (1989) Percutaneous needle biopsy of the transplanted kidney: technique and complications. Am J Kidney Dis 14:13–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jinzaki M, Tanimoto A, Narimatsu Y et al (1997) Angiomyolipoma: imaging findings in lesions with minimal fat. Radiology 205:497–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SP, Berry RS (2001) Interventional radiological management of the complications of renal transplantation. Semin Interv Radiol 18:047–058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn PC (1973) Selective venography of the branches. In: Ferris EJ, Hipona FA, Kahn PC et al (eds) Venography of the inferior vena cava and its branches. Krieger, Huntington, pp 154–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanis JA (2016) Welcome to FRAX®. World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 April 2016 from: https://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/

  • Kawamoto S, Montgomery RA, Lawler LP, Horton KM, Fishman EK (2003) Multidetector angiography for preoperative evaluation of living laparoscopic kidney donors. Am J Roentgenol 180:1633–1638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto S, Montgomery RA, Lawler LP, Horton KM, Fishman EK (2004) Multi–detector row CT evaluation of living renal donors prior to laparoscopic nephrectomy. Radiographics 24(2):453–466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto S, Fishman EK (2006) MDCT angiography of living laparoscopic renal donors. Abdom Imaging 31(3):361–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kettritz U, Semelka RC, Siegelman ES, Shoenut JP, Mitchell DG (1996) Multilocular cystic nephroma: MR imaging appearance with current techniques, including gadolinium enhancement. J Magn Reson Imaging 6:145–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi K, Censullo ML, Rossman LL, Kyriakides PN, Kahan BD, Cohen AM (2007) Interventional radiologic Management of Renal Transplant Dysfunction: indications, limitations, and technical considerations. Radiographics 27(4):1109–1130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koga S, Tanabe K, Yagisawa TT et al (1996) Urologic complications in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 28(3):1472–1473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koga S, Nishikido M, Inuzuka NS et al (2000) An evaluation of Bosniak's radiological classification of cystic renal masses. BJU Int 86:607–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthy S, Gopalakrishnan G, Kekre NS, Chacko N, Keshava S, John G (2009) Detection and treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis. Indian J Urol 25(1):56–61

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kyllönen L, Salmela K, Pukkala E (2000) Cancer incidence in a kidney-transplanted population. Transpl Int 13(S1):S394–S398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TG, Henderson SC, Freeny PC (1978) Ultrasound findings of renal angiomyolipoma. J Clin Ultrasound 6:150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau JG, Day DL, Ascher NL, Castaneda-Zuniga WR (1987) Imagingrenal transplants. AJR 150:833–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linder R, Billing H, Tibell A et al (1989) Fibromuscular dysplasia in donor kidneys- experience with three cases. Transpl Int 2(4):228–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lingard DA, Lawson TL (1979) Accuracy of ultrasound in predicting the nature of renal masses. J Urol 122(6):724–727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin ME, Preminger GM (2013) Imaging techniques for stone disease and methods for reducing radiation exposure. Urol Clin N Am 40(1):47–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lo CY, Cheng IK, Tso WK, Mak KO (1996) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for transplant renal artery stenosis. Transplant Proc 28:1468–1469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lojanapiwat B, Mital D, Fallon L et al (1994) Management of ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 179:21–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Ben R, Smith JK, Kew CE II, Kenney PJ, Julian BA, Robbin ML (2000) Focal posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder at the renal allograft hilum. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:1417–1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maki DD, Birnbaum BA, Chakraborty DP, Jacobs JE, Carvalho BM, Herman GT (1999) Renal cyst Pseudoenhancement: beam-hardening effects on CT numbers. Radiology 213(2):468–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin G, Sundaram CP, Sharfuddin A, Govani M (2007) Asymptomatic urolithiasis in living donor transplant kidneys: initial results. Urology 70(1):2–5. discussion, 5–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrosimone S, Pignata G, Maresca MC et al (1993) Clinical significance of vesicoureteral reflux after kidney transplantation. Clin Nephrol 40(1):38–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack L, Hany TI, Hubner M et al (2006) How useful is PET/CT imaging in the management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after liver transplantation? Am J Transplant 6:1731–1736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melamed ML, Kim HS, Jaar BG, Molmenti E, Atta MG, Samaniego MD (2005) Combined percutaneous mechanical and chemical thrombectomy for renal vein thrombosis in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 5:621–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyyappan RM, Rajaraman T, Senthil D (2012) Incidental solid renal mass in a cadaveric donor kidney. Indian J Urol 28(2):202–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morcos SK (2014) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following the administration of extracellular gadolinium based contrast agents: is the stability of the contrast agent molecule an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition? Br J Radiol 80:73–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muglia VF, Teixeira SR, Romão EA, Cassini MF, de Andrade MF, Kato M, Nardin MEP, Tucci Jr S. (2013). Imaging in kidney transplantation. In: Rath T (ed) Current issues and future direction of kidney transplantation. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/55074

  • Neimatallah MA, Dong Q, Schoenberg SO, Cho KJ, Prince MR (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging in renal transplantation. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:357–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikken JJ, Krestin GP (2007) MRI of the kidney – state of the art. Eur Radiol 17(11):2780–2793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • OPTN (2016) Guidelines for the medical evaluation of living kidney donors (Living Donor Committee). Retrieved 25 Aug 2016 from: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/PublicComment/pubcommentPropSub_208.pdf

  • Ostrowski M, Włodarczyk Z, Wesołowski T et al (1999) Influence of ureterovesical anastomosis technique on the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in renal transplant recipients. Ann Transplant 4(1):54–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez JA, Torres FG, Toribio AM, Fernández LK, Hayoun C, Naranjo ID (2013) Angio CT assessment of anatomical variants in renal vasculature: its importance in the living donor. Insights Imaging 4(2):199–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer T, Böhner H, Voiculescu A et al (2002) Even severe renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is no contraindication for living donor renal transplantation: report of two successful cases with venous grafting of the donor renal artery. Transplant Proc 34(8):3113–3116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JF, Rubin JM, Ellis JH (1989) Distinction between obstructive and non-obstructive pyelocaliectasis: role of duplex Doppler ultrasound in evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153(5):997–1000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JF, Ellis JH, Rublin JM (1991) Renal transplant pyelocaliectasis: role of duplex Doppler ultrasound in evaluation. Radiology 179(2):425–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozniak MA, Balison DJ, Lee FT Jr, Tambeaux RH, Uehling DT, Moon TD (1998) CT angiography of potential renal transplant donors. Radiographics 18:565–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad SR, Humphrey PA, Catena JR et al (2006) Common and uncommon histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: imaging spectrum with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 26:1795–1806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavendra BN, Bosniak MA, Megibow AJ (1983) Small angiomyolipoma of the kidney: Sonographic-CT evaluation. AJR 141:575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rankin SC, Jan W, Koffman CG (2001) Noninvasive imaging of living related kidney donors: evaluation with CT angiography and gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Am J Roentgenol 177(2):349–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regan F, Kuszyk B, Bohlman ME, Jackman S (2005) Acute ureteric calculus obstruction: unenhanced spiral CT versus HASTE MR urography and abdominal radiograph. Br J Radiol 78:506–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remzi M, Ozsoy M, Klingler HC et al (2006) Are small renal tumors harmless? Analysis of histopathological features according to tumors 4 cm or less in diameter. J Urol 176:896–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rendon RA, Stanietzky N, Panzarella T et al (2000) The natural history of small renal masses. J Urol 164:1143–1147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin MD, Needleman L, Pasto ME, Kurtz AB, Foy PM, McGlynn E, Canino C, Baltarowich OH, Pennell RG, Goldberg BB (1987) Evaluation of renal transplant rejection by duplex Doppler examination: value of the resistive index. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148:759–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouviere O, Berger P, Beziat C et al (2002) Acute thrombosis of renal transplant artery: graft salvage by means of intra-arterial fibrinolysis. Transplantation 73:403–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu C, Patel U (2002) Renal transplantation dysfunction: the role of interventional radiology. Clin Radiol 57:772–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sant GR, Heaney JA, Ucci AA Jr, Sarno RC, Meares EM Jr (1984) Computed tomographic findings in renal angiomyolipoma: an histologic correlation. Urology 24:293–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satyapal KS, Haffejee AA, Singh B, Ramsaroop L, Robbs JV, Kalideen JM (2001) Additional renal arteries: incidence and morphometry. Surg Radiol Anat 23(1):33–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saw KC, McAteer JA, Monga AG, Chua GT, Lingeman JE, Williams JC Jr (2000) Helical CT of urinary calculi. Am J Roentgenol 175(2):329–332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheible W, Ellenbogen PH, Leopold GR (1978) Lipomatous tumors of the kidney and adrenal: apparent echographic specificity. Radiology 129:153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastià C, Quiroga S, Boyé R, Cantarell C, Fernandez-Planas M, Alvarez A (2001) Helical CT in renal transplantation: normal findings and early and late complications. Radiographics 21(5):1103–1117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastià C, Peri L, Salvador R, Buñesch L, Revuelta I, Alcaraz A, Nicolau C (2010) Multidetector CT of living renal donors: lessons learned from surgeons. Radiographics 30(7):1875–1890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharfuddin A (2011) Imaging evaluation of kidney transplant recipients. Semin Nephrol 31:259–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharfuddin A (2014) Renal relevant radiology: imaging in kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(2):416–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel CL, McFarland EG, Brink JA, Fisher AJ, Humphrey P, Heiken JP (1997) CT of cystic renal masses: analysis of diagnostic performance and interobserver variation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:813–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman SG, Israel GM, Herts BR, Richie JP (2008) Management of the incidental renal mass. Radiology 249(1):16–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AK, Sahani DV (2008) Imaging of the renal donor and transplant recipient. Radiol Clin N Am 46(1):79–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RC, Verga M, McCarthy S, Rosenfield AT (1996) Diagnosis of acute flank pain: value of unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166:97–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spring DB, Salvatierra O Jr, Palubinskas AJ et al (1979) Results and significance of angiography in potential kidney donors. Radiology 133(1):45–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudah M, Vanninen R, Partanen K et al (2001) MR urography in evaluation of acute flank pain: T2-weighted sequences and gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional FLASH compared with urography. AJR 176(1):105–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun MRM, Ngo L, Genega EM et al (2009) Renal cell carcinoma: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiation of tumor subtypes – correlation with pathologic findings. Radiology 253:793–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swierzewski SJ 3rd, Konnak JW, Ellis JH (1993) Treatment of renal transplant ureteral complications by percutaneous techniques. J Urol 149:986–987

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Almén T, Bellin MF, Bertolotto M, Bongartz G et al (2013) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media: updated ESUR contrast medium safety committee guidelines. Eur Radiol 23(2):307–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türkvatan A, Akinci S, Yildiz S, Olçer T, Cumhur T (2009) MDCT for preoperative evaluation of vascular anatomy in living renal donors. Surg Radiol Anat 31(4):227–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uflacker R (2006) Abdominal aorta and branches. In: Uflacker R (ed) Atlas of vascular anatomy: an angiographic approach, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 111–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban BA, Ratner LE, Fishman EK (2001) Three-dimensional volume-rendered CT angiography of the renal arteries and veins: normal anatomy, variants and clinical applications. Radiographics 21:373–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF (2006) Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology 238:405–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZJ, Coakley FV, Fu Y, Joe BN, Prevrhal S, Landeras LA, Webb EM, Yeh BM (2008) Renal cyst pseudoenhancement at multidetector CT: what are the effects of number of detectors and peak tube voltage? Radiology 248(3):910–916

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang C-W, Shen S-H, Chang Y-H, Chung H-J, Wang J-H, ATL L, Chen K-K (2013) Are there useful CT features to differentiate renal cell carcinoma from lipid-poor renal Angiomyolipoma? Am J Roentgenol 201(5):1017–1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Krefting I, Gorovets A, Marzella L, Kaiser J, Boucher R, Rieves D (2012) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and class labeling of gadolinium-based contrast agents by the Food and Drug Administration. Radiology 265(1):248–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zagoria RJ (2000) Imaging of small renal masses: a medical success story. AJR 175:945–955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Yuan J, Li W, Ye Q (2014) Organ transplantation from donors (cadaveric or living) with a history of malignancy: review of the literature. Transplant Rev 28:169–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Christopher G. Roth, Daniel J. Mizrahi & Laurence Needleman

Authors
  1. Christopher G. Roth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel J. Mizrahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Laurence Needleman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher G. Roth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Transplant Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Carlo Gerardo B. Ramirez

  2. Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Division of Nephrology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jerry McCauley

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Roth, C.G., Mizrahi, D.J., Needleman, L. (2017). Radiology of Kidney Transplantation. In: Ramirez, C., McCauley, J. (eds) Contemporary Kidney Transplantation. Organ and Tissue Transplantation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14779-6_19-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14779-6_19-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14779-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14779-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation