Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gait Disorders in Persons After Stroke

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Human Motion

Abstract

Muscle weakness and motor control deficits associated with stroke result in fairly typical hemiparetic gait. This chapter will focus on persons with hemiparesis after stroke in the post-acute and chronic stage, their major movement disorders, and how these affect locomotion. Differences in spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters that commonly characterize hemiparetic gait in the subacute and chronic post-stroke periods will be reviewed in reference to characteristics of speed-matched gait of nondisabled persons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen JL, Kautz SA, Neptune RR (2011) Step length asymmetry is representative of compensatory mechanisms used in post-stroke hemiparetic walking. Gait Posture 33(4):538–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Feb 11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awad LN, Binder-Macleod SA, Pohlig RT, Reisman D (2015) Paretic propulsion and trailing limb angle are key determinants of long-distance walking function after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29(6):499–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968314554625. Epub 2014 Nov 10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balaban B, Tok F (2014) Gait disturbances in patients with stroke. PM R 6(7):635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.12.017. Epub 2014 Jan 19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian CK, Bowden MG, Neptune RR, Kautz SA (2007) Relationship between step length asymmetry and walking performance in subjects with chronic hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(1):43–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaman CB, Peterson CL, Neptune RR, Kautz SA (2010) Differences in self-selected and fastest-comfortable walking in poststroke hemiparetic persons. Gait Posture 31(3):311–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayat R, Barbeau H, Lamontagne A (2005) Speed and temporal-distance adaptations during treadmill and overground walking following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 19(2):115–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Patten C, Kothari DH, Zajac FE (2005) Gait differences between individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis and non-disabled controls at matched speeds. Gait Posture 22(1):51–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DJ (2015) Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies. Front Hum Neurosci 9:246

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper A, Alghamdi GA, Alghamdi MA et al (2012) The relationship of lower limb muscle strength and knee joint hyperextension during the stance phase of gait in hemiparetic stroke patients. Physiother Res Int 17:150–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Den Otter AR, Geurts ACH, Mulder T, Duysens J (2007) Abnormalities in the temporal patterning of lower extremity muscle activity in hemiparetic gait. Gait Posture 25(3):342–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garraway M (1985) Stroke rehabilitation units: concepts, evaluation, and unresolved issues. Stroke 16(2):178–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldie PA, Matyas TA, Evans OM (2001) Gait after stroke: initial deficit and changes in temporal patterns for each gait phase. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82(8):1057–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honeine JL, Schieppati M, Gagey O, Do MC (2013) The functional role of the triceps surae muscle during human locomotion. PLoS One 8(1):e52943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052943. Epub 2013 Jan 16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honeine J, Schieppati M, Gagey O, Do M (2014) By counteracting gravity, triceps surae sets both kinematics and kinetics of gait. Phys Rep 2:e00229. https://doi.org/10.1002/phy2.229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao H, Awad LN, Palmer JA, Higginson JS, Binder-Macleod SA (2016) Contribution of paretic and nonparetic limb peak propulsive forces to changes in walking speed in individuals poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 30(8):743–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968315624780. Epub 2015 Dec 31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu AL, Tang PF, Jan MH (2003) Analysis of impairments influencing gait velocity and asymmetry of hemiplegic patients after mild to moderate stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(8):1185–1193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsdottir J, Recalcati M, Rabuffetti M, Casiraghi A, Boccardi S, Ferrarin M (2009) Functional resources to increase gait speed in people with stroke: strategies adopted compared to healthy controls. Gait Posture 29(3):355–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitatani R, Ohata K, Sato S, Watanabe A, Hashiguchi Y, Yamakami N, Sakuma K, Yamada S (2016) Ankle muscle coactivation and its relationship with ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during gait in hemiplegic patients after stroke. Somatosens Mot Res 33(2):79–85. 2016 May 18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamontagne A, Fung J, McFadyen BJ, Faubert J (2007) Modulation of walking speed by changing optic flow in persons with stroke. J NeuroEng Rehabil 4:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL (2000) Contribution of passive stiffness to ankle plantarflexor moment during gait after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81(3):351–358. PMID:10724082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord SE, McPherson K, McNaughton HK, Rochester L, Weatherall M (2004) Community ambulation after stroke: how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:234–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusardi MM, Pellecchia GL, Schulman M (2003) Functional performance in community living older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 26(3):14–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Macko RF, Smith GV, Dobrovolny CL, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP, Silver KH (2001) Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82:879–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martino G, Ivanenko YP, d’Avella A, Serrao M, Ranavolo A, Draicchio F, Cappellini G, Casali C, Lacquaniti F (2015) Neuromuscular adjustments of gait associated with unstable conditions. Neurobiologia 114(5):2867–2882. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00029.2015. Epub 2015 Sep 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulroy S, Gronley J, Weiss W, Newsam C, Perry J (2003) Use of cluster analysis for gait pattern classification of patients in the early and late recovery phases following stroke. Gait Posture 18(1):114–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau S, Gravel D, Arsenault AB, Bourbonnais D (1999) Plantarflexor weakness as a limiting factor of gait speed in stroke subjects and the compensating role of hip flexors. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 14(2):125–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neptune RR, McGowan CP (2011) Muscle contributions to whole-body sagittal plane angular momentum during walking. J Biomech 44(1):6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.08.015. Epub 2010 Sep 15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olney SJ, Griffin MP, McBride ID (1994) Temporal, kinematic, and kinetic variables related to gait speed in subjects with hemiplegia: a regression approach. Phys Ther 74(9):872–885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olney SJ, Richards C (1996) Hemiparetic gait following stroke. Part I: characteristics. Gait Posture 4(2):136–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parvatanemi K, Olney SJ, Brouwer B (2007) Changes in muscle group work associated with changes in gait speed of persons with stroke. Clin Biomech 22:813–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S (2000) The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81(10):1357–1363. PMID:11030501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson KK, Gage WH, Brooks D, Black SE, McIlroy WE (2010) Changes in gait symmetry and velocity after stroke: a cross-sectional study from weeks to years after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 24(9):783–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ (1995; Jun) Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke 26(6):982–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi LA, Monaco V (2013) Spatio-temporal parameters and intralimb coordination patterns describing hemiparetic locomotion at controlled speed. J NeuroEng Rehabil 10(1):53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roerdink M1, Beek PJ (2011) Understanding inconsistent step-length asymmetries across hemiplegic stroke patients: impairments and compensatory gait. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25(3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968310380687. Epub 2010 Nov 1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa MC, Marques A, Demain S, Metcalf CD (2014) Lower limb co-contraction during walking in subjects with stroke: a systematic review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 24(1):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheean G, McGuire JR (2009) Spastic hypertonia and movement disorders: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and quantification. PM R 1(9):827–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffler LR, Chae J (2015) Hemiparetic Gait. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 26(4):611–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders AH, van de Warrenburg BP, Giladi N, Bloem BR (2007) Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification. Lancet Neurol 6:63–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasell R, Bayona NA, Bitensky J (2005) Plasticity and reorganization of the brain post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 12:11–26. https://doi.org/10.1310/6aum-etyw-q8xv-8xac

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull GI, Charteris J, Wall JC (1995) A comparison of the range of walking speeds between normal and hemiplegic subjects. Scand J Rehabil Med 27(3):175–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar RC, Beek WJ (1992) Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. J Biomech 25(9):1007–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2003) World health report. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter DA (1990) Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LaRiCE, Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy

    Johanna Jonsdottir

  2. Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, MI, Italy

    Maurizio Ferrarin

Authors
  1. Johanna Jonsdottir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maurizio Ferrarin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johanna Jonsdottir .

Section Editor information

  1. Institut for Biomechanics und Orthopedic, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Gert-Peter Brüggemann

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

    Zhigang Deng

  3. McIntosh Consultancy and Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Andrew S. McIntosh

  4. Wilmington, Delaware, USA

    Freeman Miller

  5. C-Motion Inc., Germantown, USA

    W. Scott Selbie

  6. duPont Hospital for Children, Box 269, 19899, Wilmington, DE, USA

    Freeman Miller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Jonsdottir, J., Ferrarin, M. (2018). Gait Disorders in Persons After Stroke. In: Handbook of Human Motion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_61

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation