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Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers pp 505–559Cite as

Superconducting RF: Enabling Technology for Modern Light Sources

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Abstract

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology holds the promise of low-beam-impedance, high-gradient, CW operation and thus is ideally suited for use in high-power synchrotron light sources. Over 30 years of research and development has helped to bring the technology to maturity and to the point that its near turn-key operation is now feasible in such facilities. Many SRF systems are in routine operation in both storage-ring and LINAC-based light sources and they are the key to the realization of a number of novel light-source concepts such as ERLs, compact sources, x-ray-oscillator FELs or short-pulse operation in storage rings. An overview of the principles and advantages of SRF as well as the technology’s state-of-the-art and future challenges is given.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Brightness here is loosely defined to be the bunch charge divided by the volume the beam occupies in the six-dimensional phase space spanned by the transverse size and divergence, the energy spread, and the bunch length.

  2. 2.

    Active length is defined as the distance over which the actual acceleration of the beam takes place.

  3. 3.

    The latter statement is simply a consequence of the fact that a DC field is conservative.

  4. 4.

    The subscript of a mode is a measure of the number of nodes the field components have in the azimuthal, radial, and longitudinal direction, respectively.

  5. 5.

    This is simply a consequence of \(\nabla \times \mathbf{ H} =\mathbf{ j}\) (assuming there is little electric field parallel to the nearly perfectly conducting wall).

  6. 6.

    Careful: In this text, we use the LINAC definition for the shunt impedance. Other texts use the circuit definition given by \(R_{\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{c}} = R_{\mathrm{a}}/2\).

  7. 7.

    While there is no 1:1 correlation of the HOM shunt impedances and that of the accelerating mode, generally designs that maximize the latter will also produce large HOM shunt impedances.

  8. 8.

    To avoid these losses in DC-current-carrying wires, one intentionally introduces defects in the superconductor that pin the flux vortices and prevent their motion.

  9. 9.

    If the material has many defects, nucleation of flux vortices can happen on very short time scales and flux penetration may already occur at H c1.

  10. 10.

    The source of the electron can be quite arbitrary: Field emitted electrons, impact of cosmic rays, beam halo …

  11. 11.

    From the point of view of power dissipation.

  12. 12.

    The resistance at 4.2 K is often measured by quenching the Nb with a DC magnetic field H > H c2 or by measuring the resistivity above T c versus T and extrapolating to 4.2 K.

  13. 13.

    The surface area of the cavity scales as ω −2, while the number of cavities per length of LINAC scales as ω.

  14. 14.

    Exceptions exist: for example, ERL booster cavities may be limited by the beam loading to two cells (Geng et al. 2007; Knobloch 2010). In high-current storage, rings single-cell cavities are used. At the other extreme, the low-current S-DALINAC is based on 20-cell, 3-GHz cavities.

  15. 15.

    Beyond the HOM power, one also has to consider beam loading. Input couplers typically can manage up to 500 kW of power. If N cell (and hence V acc) were increased, the power demand may exceed the coupler’s capabilities.

  16. 16.

    Beam loading refers to the RF power transferred to the beam = \(I_{\mathrm{b}}V _{\mathrm{acc}}\cos \phi\), ϕ being the acceleration phase.

  17. 17.

    An exception are lower-order-mode dampers as will be discussed later.

  18. 18.

    Compare this to R a∕Q 0 values close to 300 \(\mbox{ $\Omega $}\) for normal-conducting cavities.

  19. 19.

    Recently the project was halted due to budgetary constraints.

  20. 20.

    Compare this with storage rings where only the power lost to synchrotron radiation must be resupplied.

  21. 21.

    If the cavities are to be operated CW then some modifications must be made to the cooling of the HOM coupler to prevent quenches (Anders et al. 2010).

  22. 22.

    This pulsed operation is the result of historical reasons because the SRF-module design was originally developed for the International Linear Collider which, on account of its high energy, must be pulsed to limit the cryogenic load.

  23. 23.

    For this cavity, shape H c1 is equivalent to \(E_{\mathrm{acc}} = 5\,\mbox{ MV/m}\).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for SRF Science and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Jens Knobloch

  2. Universität Siegen Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Department Physik, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57068, Siegen, Germany

    Jens Knobloch

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Correspondence to Jens Knobloch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, BESSY II, Berlin, Germany

    Eberhard J. Jaeschke

  2. Zentrum für Synchrotronstrahlung (DELTA), Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

    Shaukat Khan

  3. Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Hamburg, Germany

    Jochen R. Schneider

  4. LINAC Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA

    Jerome B. Hastings

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Knobloch, J. (2016). Superconducting RF: Enabling Technology for Modern Light Sources. In: Jaeschke, E., Khan, S., Schneider, J., Hastings, J. (eds) Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14394-1_13

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