Abstract
Manuel II Palaeologus was one of the most learned and distinguished emperors of Byzantium. An enlightened statesman and a skilled diplomat Manuel reigned in a critical period for the Empire (1391–1425), when its unity and survival was threatened by internal divisions and external menaces. His cautious policy towards the union of the Churches was dictated by the political realities and his own experiences. Under constant pressure, Manuel found solace in his studies. Surrounded by a circle of scholars and theologians, time and official duties permitting, he pursued his interests in literature and theology. A humane ruler and a thinker, in the eyes of his contemporary Manuel embodied the ideal of the Platonic philosopher-king.
References
Primary Literature
Manuel II Palaeologus’ works (in alphabetical order)
Abbreviations: PG 156 = Jacques-Paul Migne ed., Patrologia cursus completus: series graeco-latina, vol. 156 J.P. Migne, Imprimerie Catholique (Paris, 1886); Legrand, Lettres = Emile Legrand, Lettres de l’empereur Manuel Paléologue (Paris, J. Maisonneuve, 1893); Löwenclau, Praecepta = Johannes Löwenklau (=Leunclavius), Praecepta educationis regiae (Basle, Ex officina Petri Petrae, 1578)
Admonitions leading to conciseness in expression and tranquility in one’s thought, Cod. Vat. Barb. gr. 219, f. 90v.11-18; an edition is under preparation.
Canon deprecatorius, ed. Legrand, Lettres, pp. 94–102.
Chapters of compunction, or Prayer before Holy Communion, ed. Löwenclau, Praecepta, pp. 438–442; PG 156.575A-576D; see Sebastián Cirac Estopañán, ‘La Eucaristía y la paz del alma en una poesía del emperador Manuel II Paleólogo’, XXXV Congreso eucarístico internacional. Sesiones de estudio, II (Barcelona, 1952), pp. 713–726.
Confession addressed to his spiritual father on the occasion of his own recovery from a serious illness, Codd. Crypten. 161 (Z.δ.I.), ff. 12-65v, 75-81v; Paris. suppl. gr. 1018, ff. 7–52; Pontificio Collegio Greco, Roma, cod. 11, ff. 9-69v; Vat. gr. 1107, ff. 315-320v; a critical edition is under preparation.
Counsel to the Thessalonians when they were besieged, ed. Basileios Laourdas, ‘Ὁ “Συμβουλευτικὸς πρὸς τοὺς Θεσσαλονικεῖς” τοῦ Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγου’, Μακεδονικά 3 (1955), pp. 290–307.
Debate between Demetrius Chrysoloras and Antonio d’Ascoli on the question: if it is better to be than not to be, how could Christ say to Judas that it would be better for him if he had not been born [Matth. 26:24]?, followed by a clarification by the Emperor Manuel II, ed. Franz Tinnefeld, ‘“Es wäre gut für jenen Menschen, wenn er nicht geboren wäre”. Eine Disputation am Hof Kaiser Manuels II. über ein Jesuswort vom Verräter Judas. Einleitung, kritische Erstedition und Übersetzung (II)’, Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 45 (1995), 115–158 (text: Version I [from Vat. gr. 1879], pp. 118–124; Version II [from Crypten. Z.δ.I (161) and Pontificio Collegio Greco, Roma, cod. 11], pp. 124–131); cf. idem, ‘“Es wäre gut für jenen Menschen, wenn er nicht geboren wäre”. Eine Disputation am Hof Kaiser Manuels II. über ein Jesuswort vom Verräter Judas. Einleitung, kritische Erstedition und Übersetzung (I)’, in Ἀνδριάς. Herbert Hunger zum 80. Geburtstag (=Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 [1994]), 421–430.
Declamation on a drunkard, ed. Jean François Boissonade, Anecdota graeca e codicibus regiis, Excusum in Regio Typographeo, vol. II (Paris, 1830), pp. 274–307.
A Depiction of Spring in a Dyed, Woven Hanging, eds. Löwenklau, Praecepta, pp. 442–446; PG 156.577A-580B; Legrand, Lettres, p. 442; ed. and trans. John Davis, ‘Manuel II Palaeologus’ A Depiction of Spring in a Dyed, Woven Hanging’, in Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides, eds. Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook and Judith Herrin (Aldershot-Burlington, Ashgate, 2003), pp. 411–421.
Dialogues with a Persian, eds. Erich Trapp, Manuel II. Palaiologos. Dialogue mit einem “Perser”, Wiener Byzantinistische Studien, In Kommission bei G. Böhlaus, Nachf. II (Vienna, 1966); ed. and trans. Karl Förstel, Manuel II. Palaiologos. Dialoge mit einem Muslim, 2 vols, Corpus Islamo-Christianorum, Würzburg: Echter; Altenberge: Oros, Series Graeca, 4/I-II (Wurzburg-Alterberge, 1993,1995); ed. and trans. Théodore Khoury, ed., Manuel II Paléologue, Entretiens avec un Musulman: 7 e Controverse, Éditions du Cerf Sources, chrétiennes, 115 (Paris, 1966).
Discourse on the Order in the Trinity, ed. Charalambos Dendrinos, An annotated critical edition (editio princeps) of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus’ treatise ‘On the Procession of the Holy Spirit’ (PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996), pp. 318–325; the critical text will appear in the Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca, Brepols, vol. 71 (in press).
Eight hundred and nine lines in political verse addressed to an atheist, ed. Ioannis Vassis, ‘Οι ανέκδοτοι στίχοι Πρὸς ἄθεον ἄνδρα του Μανουήλ Β΄ Παλαιολόγου’, Bυζαντινά 32 (2012), 37–100.
Epistolary discourse on theology addressed to lord Alexius Iagoup, ed. Charalambos Dendrinos, An annotated critical edition (editio princeps) of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus’ treatise ‘On the Procession of the Holy Spirit’ (PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996), pp. 326–373; the critical text will appear in the Corpus Christianorum Brepols Series Graeca, vol. 71 (in press).
Epistolary essay to Andreas Asanes on dreams, ed. Jean François Boissonade, Anecdota nova, Apud Dumont, Bibliopolam VI (Paris, 1844; repr. 1962), pp. 239–246; PG 156.87-92; see I.R. Alfageme, ‘La epístola περὶ ὀνειράτων de Manuel Paleólogo’, Cuadernos de filolología clásica 2 (1971), 227–255.
Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore, ed. and trans. Julian Chrysostomides, Manuel II Palaeologus, Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Association for Byzantine Research, XXVI (Thessalonicae, 1985).
Homily on the Dormition of the Mother of God, ed. Martin Jugie, ‘Manuel II Paléologue, empereur de Constantinople (1391–1425). Homélie sur la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge’, in Homélies mariales byzantines, Patrologia Orientalis, Firmin-Didot 16 (Paris, 1922), VI, cols. [119]-[142].
Laudation on St John the Baptist, ed. Cristina Billò, ‘La Laudatio in s. Iohannem Baptistam di Manuele II Paleologo’, Medioevo greco 2 (2002), pp. 49–63.
Letter to David and Damian, Codd. Vat. gr. 1107, ff. 315–322, Crypten. Z.δ.I (161), ff. 3-10v; a critical edition is under preparation.
Letters, ed. and trans. George T. Dennis, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, VIII (Washington, D.C., 1977).
Moral Dialogue with the Empress-Mother or On Marriage, ed. Claudio Bevegni, Manuelis Palaeologi Dialogum de Matrimonio (primum edidit) Περὶ Γάμου, Saggi e testi classici, cristiani e medievali, Centro di studi sull’antico cristianesimo, Università di Catania, XXXI (Catania, 1989); ed. and trans. Athanasios Angelou, Manuel Palaiologos, Dialogue with the Empress-Mother On Marriage, Byzantina Vindobonensia, XIX Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Vienna, 1991).
Morning prayers, ed. Löwenclau, Praecepta, pp. 422–436; PG 156.564B-573B.
On the death of Bayezid in the form of a psalm, eds. Legrand, Lettres, p. 104; PG 156.581A-C; Löwenclau, Praecepta, pp. 448–451.
Oratio glorificatoria, PG 156.563A-574.
Oration as from a benevolent ruler to his well-disposed subjects in a critical time eds. Löwenklau, Praecepta, pp. 420–422; PG 156.561B-564A; Legrand, Lettres, pp. 88–89.
Oration on sin and penance, or on St Mary of Egypt, Codd. Vat. gr. 1619, ff. 15-29v; Vat. gr. 632, ff. 336-350v; a critical edition is under preparation; cf. Eleni Kaltsogianni, ‘Zur Entstehung der Rede des Manuel II. Palaiologos auf die heilige Maria von Ägypten [BHG 1044c]’, Παρεκβολαί 1 (2011), 37–59.
Oration on the Dormition of the Mother of God, ed. Martin Jugie, ‘Manuel II Paléologue, empereur de Constantinople (1391–1425). Homélie sur la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge’, in Homélies mariales byzantines Patrologia Orientalis 16, Firmin-Didot (Paris, 1922), VI, pp. 539–542, (text) cols. [119]-[142] (ex Vat. gr. 1619, ff. Iv-14v), pp. 543–566 (Latin trans.); Latin trans. also in PG 156.91A-108B. Cf. cod. Atheniensis Bibl. Nat. 2167, ff. 2–15.
Oration on the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, Codd. Vat. gr. 1619, ff. 29v-46v; Marc. gr. 505, ff. 33-54v; a critical edition is under preparation.
Other morning prayers, ed. Löwenclau, Praecepta, p. 438; PG 156.573C-576A.
Panegyric on the recovery of his father from illness, ed. Boissonade, Anecdota nova, vol. VI (Paris, 1844; repr. Hidelsheim, 1962), pp. 222–238.
Prayer for those buffeted by storm or simply at sea, adapted from the Psalms, Codd. Par. gr. 3041, f. 127v; Vat. Barb. gr. 219, ff. 91v-92; a critical edition is under preparation.
Precepts on the education of an emperor, ed. Löwenklau, Praecepta, pp. 12–133; PG 156.310-384.
Response of Antenor to Odysseus, ed. Boissonade, Anecdota graeca, II, pp. 308–309.
Seven ethico-political orations, addressed to his son John VIII, eds. Löwenklau, Praecepta, pp. 134–419; PG 156.385A-561A; Christina Kakkoura, An annotated critical edition of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus’ Seven Ethico–political Orations (unpublished PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013), pp. 315–474.
Sixteen lines in anacreontic verse, addressed to a completely ignorant and most garullous person, ed. Pietro Matranga, Anecdota graeca, vol. II (Rome, 1850), p. 682; PG 156.575D-576D.
Treatise on the procession of the Holy Spirit, ed. Charalambos Dendrinos, An annotated critical edition (editio princeps) of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus’ treatise ‘On the Procession of the Holy Spirit’ (PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996), pp. 1–317; the critical text will appear in the Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca, Brepols, vol. 71 (in press).
What Tamerlane might have said to Bajezid, eds. Legrand, Lettres, pp. 103–104; Löwenklau, Praecepta, pp. 446–448; PG 156.579C-582A.
Other Primary Sources
Bessarion. 1926. Funeral Oration on Emperor Manuel Palaeologus, ed. Spyridon Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά, vol. III, 284–290. Athens.
Chortasmenos, John. 1969. Encomium on Manuel II Palaeologus, on his return from Thessalonica, ed. Herbert Hunger, Johannes Chortasmenos (a. 1370-ca.1436/37): Briefe, Gedichte und kleine Schriften, Einleitung, Regesten, Prosopographie, Text, Böhlau in Komm. Wiener Byzantinistische Studien, vol. VII, 217–224. Vienna.
Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Louis-François Bellaguet, Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denis contenant le règne de Charles VI de 1380 à 1422, Collection de documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, L’Imprimerie de Crapelet, vol. 2. Paris, 1840
Chrysoloras, Demetrius. 1926. Encomium on Emperor Manuel Palaeologus, ed. Spyridon Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά, vol. III, 222–245. Athens.
Chrysoloras, Demetrius. 1984. A hundred letters to Manuel II Palaeologus, M. D’Auria: ed. Ferruccio Conti Bizzarro, Demetrio Crisolora. Cento epistole a Manuele II Paleologo. Naples.
Chrysoloras, Manuel. 2001. Epistolary discourse to Manuel II, ed. Christos G. Patrineles, and Demetrios Z. Sophianos, Manuel Chrysoloras and his Discourse addressed to the Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus. Ἀκαδημία Ἀθηνῶν, Κέντρον Ἐρεύνης τοῦ Μεσαιωνικοῦ καὶ Νέου Ἑλληνισμοῦ, Athens.
Cydones, Demetrius. 1956, 1960. Letters, ed. Raymond-Joseph Loenertz, Démétrius Cydonès, Correspondance, 2 vols., Studi e testi, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 186, 208. Rome.
Ducas. 1958. Historia turco-byzantina, ed. Vasile Grecu, Istoria Turco-Byzantina. Editura Academiei Republicii populare romîne, Bucharest.
Gemistos, George (Plethon). 1926. Memorandum to Manuel II, ed. Spyridon Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά, vol. III, 246–265. Athens.
Macarius of Ankyra. 2009. Against the Errors of the Latins, ed. Christos Triantafyllopoulos, An annotated critical edition of the treatise Against the Errors of the Latins by Makarios, Metropolitan of Ankyra (1397–1405), 2 vols. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London.
Macres, Macarius. 1991. Funeral Oration on Emperor Manuel Palaeologus, ed. Alexander Sideras, 25 Unedierte byzantinische Grabreden, Παρατηρητής, 301–307. Thessalonica.
Sphrantzes, George. 1990. Chronicon Minus, ed. Riccardo Maisano, Giorgio Sfranze, Cronaca, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, vol. XXIX. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Secondary Literature
Balivet, Michel. 2004. Le sufi et le basileus: Haci Bayram Velî et Manuel II Paléologue. Medioevo Greco 4: 19–30.
Barker, John W. 1969. Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425). A study in late Byzantine statesmanship. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Berger de Xivrey, Jean. 1853. Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de l’empereur Manuel Paléologue. In Mémoires de l’Institut de France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, XIX, 2, 1–201. Paris.
Bevegni, Claudio. 1987. La lettera ad Alessio Iagoup di Manuele II Paleologo: una rilettura del Par. Gr. 3041. La Parola del Passato 233: 103–108.
Chrysostomides, Julian (ed.). 1995. Monumenta Peloponnesiaca. Documents for the history of the Peloponnese in the 14th and 15th centuries. Camberley: Porphyrogenitus.
Cirac Estopañán, Sebastián. 1952. Bizancio y España: La Unión, Manuel II Paleólogo y sus recuerdos en España. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, Secretaría de Publicaciones.
Dabrowska, Małgorzata. 1993. Francja i Bizancjum w okresie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej. Historia Bizancjum, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Historica 48: 127–141.
Demetracopoulos, John A. 2008. ‘Pope Benedict XVI’s use of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos’ Dialogue with a Muslim Muterizes: The scholarly background. Archiv für mittelalterliche Philosophie und Kultur 16: 264–304.
Dendrinos, Charalambos. Co-operation and friendship among scholars in the circle of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus (1390–1425) as reflected in their autograph manuscripts. In Proceedings of the conference “Unlocking the Potential of Texts: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Medieval Greek” at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities, University of Cambridge, 18–19 July 2006, published online at: http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/greek/grammarofmedievalgreek/unlocking/Dendrinos.pdf
Dendrinos, Charalambos. 2002. Ἡ ἐπιστολὴ τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος Μανουὴλ Β΄ Παλαιολόγου πρὸς τὸν Ἀλέξιο Ἰαγοὺπ καὶ οἱ ἀντιλήψεις του περὶ τῆς σπουδῆς τῆς θεολογίας καὶ τῶν σχέσεων Ἐκκλησίας καὶ Πολιτείας. Φιλοσοφίας Ἀνάλεκτα 1: 58–74.
Dendrinos, Charalambos. 2003. An unpublished funeral oration on Manuel II Palaeologus (†1425), In Porphyrogenita: Essays on the history and literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in honour of Julian Chrysostomides, ed. Ch. Dendrinos, J. Harris, E. Harvalia-Crook, and J. Herrin, 423–456. Aldershot-Burlington, Porphyrogenitus; cf. Polemis, I. 2011. Two praises of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos: Problems of authorship. Byzantiniscje Zeitschrift 103(2): 699–714.
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Dendrinos, C. (2016). Manuel II Palaeologus. In: Sgarbi, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_148-1
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