Skip to main content

Phosphors for White LEDs

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Advanced Lighting Technology

Abstract

White Light-Emitting Diodes (WLEDs) is a promising conserve energy device for altering the traditional illuminating apparatus because of their high efficiency, high flexibility, long lifetime, low energy consumption, and friendly environment. Of course you can frequently find WLEDs in your daily life. Phosphor is an important component of WLEDs and has been investigated broadly. This chapter introduces readers who begin meeting these fields to understand phosphor including history, principle, application, and perspective. The first part is a fundamental definition to luminescent materials. The second part provides requirements, classifications, and applications of phosphors for phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs). Finally, we propose some prospects and challenges of optical materials in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arai Y, Kominami H, Nakanishi Y, Hatanaka Y (2005) Luminescent properties of SrGa2S4:Eu thin film phosphors deposited by two electron beam evaporation. Appl Surf Sci 244:473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avci N, Cimieri I, Smet PF, Poelman D (2011) Stability improvement of moisture sensitive CaS:Eu2+ micro-particles by coating with sol–gel alumina. Opt Mater 33:1302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasse G (1972) The ultraviolet absorption bands of Bi3+ and Eu3+ in oxides. J Solid State Chem 4:52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasse G, Grabmaier BC (1994) Luminescent materials. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudeile J, Didierjean J, Camy P, Doualan JL, Benayad A, Ménard V, Moncorgé R, Druon F, Balembois F, Georges P (2008) Thermal behavior of ytterbium-doped fluorite crystals under high power pumping. Opt Express 16:10098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caravaggio was early ‘photographer’ BBC News. 11 March 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey J (2014) LED phosphor IP trends and licensing. Senior Director of Marketing, Intematix Corporation, http://www.ecnmag.com/article/2014/05/led-phosphor-ip-trends-and-licensing

  • Chandross EA (1963) A new chemiluminescent system. Tetrahedron Lett 4(12):761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DE (2000) Peroxides and peroxide forming compounds. Chemical and Biological Safety Officer Texas A&M University

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg W, Bourhill G, Sage I (2002) Hexakis(antipyrine-O)terbium(III) triiodide at 160 K: confirmation of a centrosymmetric structure for a brilliantly triboluminescent complex. Acta Cryst E58:m159

    Google Scholar 

  • Condon E (1926) A theory of intensity distribution in band systems. Phys Rev 28:1182

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton FA (1990) Chemical applications of group theory, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichesterter

    Google Scholar 

  • Curie D (1963) Luminescence in crystals. Methuen & Co., London, pp 31–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Bartolo B (1968) Optical interactions in solids. Wiley, New York, pp 420–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieke GH (1968) Spectra and energy levels of rare earth ions in crystals. Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Do YR, Bae JW, Kim Y, Yang HG (2000) Preparation and optical properties of SrGa2S4:Eu phosphor. Bull Korean Chem Soc 21:295

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorenbos P (2000a) Predictability of 5d level positions of the triply ionized lanthanides in halogenides and chalcogenides. J Lumin 87–89:970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorenbos P (2000b) The 4fn to 4fn-15d transitions of the trivalent lanthanides in halogenides and chalcogenides. J Lumin 91:91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorenbos P (2000c) The 5d level positions of the trivalent lanthanides in inorganic compounds. J Lumin 91:155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorenbos P (2003) Energy of the first 4f 7-4f 65d transition of Eu2+ in inorganic compounds. J Lumin 104:239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorenbos P (2005) Thermal quenching of Eu2+ 5d–4f luminescence in inorganic compounds. J Phys Condens Matter 17:8103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy JA (1990) Bonding, energy levels and bands in inorganic solids. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow

    Google Scholar 

  • Figgis BN, Hitchman MA (2000) Ligand field theory and its applications. Wiley-VCH, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond CR (2000) The elements. In: Handbook of chemistry and physics, 81st edn. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4

    Google Scholar 

  • Hana JK, Piqutte A, Hannah ME, Hirata GA, Talbot JB, Mishra KC, McKittrick J (2014) Analysis of (Ba, Ca, Sr)3MgSi2O8:Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphors for application in solid state lighting. J Lumin 148:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansel RA, Allison SW, Walker DG (2009) Temperature-dependent luminescence of Ce3+ in gallium-substituted garnets. Appl Phys Lett 95:114102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao ZD, Zhang JH, Zhang X, Wang XJ (2011) CaSc2O4:Eu3+: a tunable full-color emitting phosphor for white light emitting diodes. Opt Mater 33:355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirosaki N, Ogata S, Kocer C (2003) Ab initio calculation of the crystal structure of the lanthanide Ln2O3 sesquioxides. J Alloys Comp 351:31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horikawa T, Piao XQ, Fujitani M, Hanzawa H, Machida K (2009) Preparation of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphors using various novel reducing agents and their luminescent properties”. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1:012024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HowStuffWorks (2001) How do fireflies light up? Science.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Zhuang W, Ye H, Zhang S, Fang Y, Huang X (2005) Preparation and luminescent properties of (Ca1-x, Srx)S:Eu2+ red-emitting phosphor for white LED. J Lumin 111:139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang CH, Chen TM (2010) Ca9La(PO4)7:Eu2+, Mn2+: an emission-tunable phosphor through efficient energy transfer for white light-emitting diodes. Opt Express 18:5089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang HS, Won YH, Vaidyanathan S, Kim DH, Jeon DY (2009) Emission band change of (Sr1-xMx)3SiO5:Eu2+ (M = Ca, Ba) phosphor for white light sources using blue/near-ultraviolet LEDs. J Electrochem Soc 156:J138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen CK (1962a) Absorption spectra and chemical bonding in complexes. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen CK (1962b) Electron transfer spectra of lanthanide complexes. Mol Phys 5:271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen CK (1971) Modern aspects of ligand field theory. North-Holland, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Jüstel T (2005) Luminescent materials for high brightness LEDs. FH Munster-Philips Research Aachen, https://www.fh-muenster.de/fb1/downloads/personal/juestel/juestel/Luminescent_Materials_for_High_Brightness_LEDs__September_2004_.pdf

  • Kamimura A, Sugano S, Tanabe Y (1969) Ligand field theory and its applications, 1st edn. Shokabo, Tokyo, pp 269–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Park YH, Kim SM, Choi JC, Park HL (2005a) Temperature-dependent emission spectra of M2SiO4:Eu2+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors for green and greenish white LEDs. Solid State Commun 133:445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Lim KT, Jeong YS, Jeon PE, Choi JC, Park HL (2005b) Full-color Ba3MgSi2O8:Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphors for white-light-emitting diodes. Solid State Commun 135:21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TG, Kim YS, Im SJ (2009) Energy transfer and brightness saturation in (Sr, Ca)2P2O7:Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphor for UV-LED lighting. J Electrochem Soc 156:J203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Jang HS, Kwon BH, Suh M, Youngsun K, Cheong SH, Jeon DY (2011) In situ synthesis of thiol-capped CuInS2-ZnS quantum dots embedded in silica powder by sequential ligand-exchange and silanization. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 15:K16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura N, Sakuma K, Hirafune S, Asano K, Hirosaki N, Xie RJ (2007) Extrahigh color rendering white light-emitting diode lamps using oxynitride and nitride phosphors excited by blue light-emitting diode. Appl Phys Lett 90:051109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klick CC, Schulman JH (1997) Solid state physics. In: Seitz F, Turnbull D (eds), Academic, New York, vol 5, pp 97–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Krames MR, Shchekin OB, Mueller-Mach R, Mueller GO, Ling Z, Harbers G, Craford MG (2007) Status and future of high-power light-emitting diodes for solid-state lighting. J Disp Technol 3:160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei BF, Machida KI, Horikawa T, Hanzawa H (2011) Preparation of (Sr0.5Ba0.5)Si2N2O2:Eu2+ phosphor and its luminescence properties. Chem Lett 40:140141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lever ABP (1984) Inorganic electronic spectroscopy, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Li HL, Liu XJ, Huang LP (2007) Luminescent properties of LuAG:Ce phosphors with different Ce contents prepared by a sol–gel combustion method. Opt Mater 29:1138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li HL, Xie RJ, Hirosaki N, Suehiro T, Yajima Y (2008a) Phase purity and luminescence properties of fine Ca-alpha-SiAlON:Eu phosphors synthesized by Gas reduction nitridation method. J Electrochem Soc 155:J175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li HL, Xie RJ, Hirosaki N, Yajima Y (2008b) Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ red phosphor by a gas-reduction and nitridation method. J Electrochem Soc 155:J378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li GG, Hou ZY, Peng C, Wang WX, Cheng ZY, Li CX, Lian HZ, Lin J (2010) Electrospinning derived one-dimensional LaOCl:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu/Sm, Tb, Tm) nanofibers, nanotubes and microbelts with multicolor-tunable emission properties. Adv Funct Mater 20:3446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CC, Liu RS (2014) Thermal effects in (oxy)nitride phosphors. J Solid State Light 1:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyu LJ, Hamilton DS (1991) Radiative and nonradiative relaxation measurements in Ce3+ doped crystals. J Lumin 48–49:251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda K (1963) Luminescence. Maki Shoten, Japan, pp 6–10 and 37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijerink A, Nuyten J, Blasse G (1989) Luminescence and energy migration in (Sr, Eu)B4O7, a system with a 4f7-4f65d crossover in the excited state. J Lumin 44:19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Mach R, Mueller GO, Krames MR, Trottier T (2002) High-power phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes based on III-Nitrides. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 8:339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Mach R, Mueller G, Krames MR, Hoppe HA, Stadler F, Schnick W, Jüstel T, Schmidt P (2005) Highly efficient all-nitride phosphor-converted white light emitting diode. Phys Status Solidi A 202:1727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai H (2011) Light-emitting device. US Patent 08288790

    Google Scholar 

  • Najafov H, Kato A, Toyota H, Iwai K, Bayramov A, Iida S (2002) Effect of Ce co-doping on CaGa2S4:Eu phosphor: I. Energy transfer from Ce to Eu ions. Jpn J Appl Phys 41:1424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa E (2006) Phosphor handbook: fundamentals of luminescence. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Newscientist.com Dial R for radioactive – 12 July 1997 – New Scientist. Retrieved 12 Sept 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen HD, Lin CC, Fang MH, Liu RS (2014) Synthesis of Na2SiF6:Mn4+ red phosphors for white LED applications by co-precipitation. J Mater Chem C 2:10268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park JY, Jung HC, Raju GSR, Moon BK, Jeong JH, Son SM, Kim JH (2009) Sintering temperature effect on structural and luminescence properties of 10 mol% Y substituted Gd3Al5O12:Ce phosphors. Opt Mater 32:293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng TY, Liu HJ, Yang HP, Yan CH (2004) Synthesis of SrAl2O4:Eu, Dy phosphor nanometer powders by sol–gel processes and its optical properties. Mater Chem Phys 85:68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piao XQ, Machida KI, Horikawa T, Hanzawa H (2007) Preparation of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphors by the self-propagating. Chem Mater 19:4592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pust P, Weiler V, Hecht C, Tücks A, Wochnik AS, Henß AK, Wiechert D, Scheu C, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W (2014) Narrow-band red-emitting Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ as a next-generation LED-phosphor material. Nat Mater 13:891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauhut MM (1969) Chemiluminescence from concerted peroxide decomposition reactions (science). Acc Chem Res 2(3):80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuma K, Hirosaki N, Xie RJ (2007) Red-shift of emission wavelength caused by reabsorption mechanism of europium activated Ca-α-SiAlON ceramic phosphors. J Lumin 126:843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setlur AA, Radkov EV, Henderson CS, Her JH, Srivastava AM, Karkada N, Kishore MS, Kumar NP, Aesram D, Deshpande A, Kolodin B, Grigorov LS, Happek U (2010) Energy-efficient, high-color-rendering LED lamps using oxyfluoride and fluoride phosphors. Chem Mater 22:4076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seto T, Kijima N, Hirosaki N (2009) A new yellow phosphor La3Si6N11:Ce3+ for white LEDs. ESC Trans 25:247

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu Y, Sakano K, Noguchi Y, Moriguchi T (1999) Light emitting device having a nitride compound semiconductor and a phosphor containing a garnet fluorescent material. US Patent 5,998,925

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimomura Y, Honma T, Shigeiwa M, Akai T, Okamoto K, Kijima N (2007) Photoluminescence and crystal structure of green-emitting Ca3Sc2Si3O12:Ce3+ phosphor for white light emitting diodes. J Electrochem Soc 154:J35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shionoya S, Yen WM (1998) Phosphor handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriver DF, Atkins PW, Langford CH (1990) Inorganic chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Smet PF, Parmentier AB, Poelman D (2011) Selecting conversion phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. J Electrochem Soc 158:R37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn IS, Unithrattil S, Im WB (2014) Stacked quantum dot embedded silica film on a phosphor plate for superior performance of white light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:5744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanger-Hall KF, Lloyd JE, Hillis DM (2007) Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals. Mol Phylogenet Evol 45(1):33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll H, Hoppe R (1987) Ein neues Oxoplumbat (IV): CsNa3[PbO4]. Rev Chim Min 24:96

    Google Scholar 

  • Su Q (1991) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on rare earth development and application. International Academic Publishers, Beijing, pp 765–769

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang JY, Chen JH, Hao LY, Xu X, Xie WJ, Li QX (2011) Green Eu2+-doped Ba3Si6O12N2 phosphor for white light-emitting diodes: synthesis, characterization and theoretical simulation. J Lumin 131:1101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Homer Laughlin China Company (2011) Statement regarding the Good Morning America broadcast. Accessed 25 Mar 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA facts about uranium. Retrieved 20 Sept 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Uranium containing dentures (ca. 1960s, 1970s). In Health physics historical instrumentation museum collection. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Retrieved 10 Oct 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Vahvaselkä KS, Mangs JM (1988) X-ray diffraction study of liquid sulfur. Phys Scr 38(5):737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk E, de Haas JTM, Bos AJJ, van Eijk CWE, Dorenbos P (2007) Luminescence quenching by photoionization and electron transport in a LaAlO3:Ce3+ crystal. J Appl Phys 101:083703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Haecke JE, Smet PF, De Keyser K, Poelman D (2007) Single crystal CaS:Eu and SrS:Eu luminescent particles obtained by solvothermal synthesis. J Electrochem Soc 154:J278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vecht A, Gibbons C, Davies D, Jing X, Marsh P, Reland T, Silver J, Nowport A, Barber D (1999) Engineering phosphors for field emission displays. J Vac Sci Technol B 17:750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Lin H, Xu J, Chen H, Wang YS (2014) CaMg2Al16O27:Mn4+-based red phosphor: a potential color converter for high-powered warm W-LED. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:22905

    Google Scholar 

  • Waseda Y (1980) The structure of non-crystalline materials-liquids and amorphous solids. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 48–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson E (1999) What’s that stuff? Light sticks. Chem Eng News 77(3):65

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Zhang XM, Guo CF, Xu R, Wu MM, Su Q (2005) Three-band white light from InGaN-based blue LED chip precoated with green/red phosphors. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 17:1160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie RJ, Hirosaki N, Li HL, Li YQ, Mitomo M (2007) Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of beta-sialon:Eu2+ (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z:Eu2+). J Electrochem Soc 154:J314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie RJ, Hirosaki N, Sakuma K, Kimura N (2008) White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using (oxy)nitride phosphors. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:144013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav RS, Pandey SK, Pandey AC (2010) Blue-shift and enhanced photoluminescence in BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ nanophosphor under VUV excitation for PDPs application. J Rare Earths Mater Sci Appl 1:25

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang HC, Li CY, He H, Tao Y, Xu JH, Su Q (2006) VUV-UV excited luminescent properties of LnCa4O(BO3)3:RE3+ (Ln = Y, La, Gd; Re = Eu, Tb, Dy, Ce). J Lumin 118:61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CC, Lin CM, Chen YJ, Wu YT, Chuang SR, Liu RS, Hu SF (2007) Highly stable three-band white light from an InGaN-based blue light-emitting diode chip precoated with (oxy)nitride green/red phosphors. Appl Phys Lett 90:123503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yap SV, Ranson RM, Cranton WM, Koutsogeorgis DC, Hix GB (2009) Temperature dependent characteristics of La2O2S: Ln [Ln = Eu, Tb] with various Ln concentrations over 5–60 °C. J Lumin 129:416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yen WM, Shionoya S, Yamamoto H (2006) Measurement of phosphor properties. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu JJ, Gong WT, Xiao ZG, Ning GL (2012) Spectral structure of barium–phosphate–silicate phosphor Ba10(PO4)4(SiO4)2:EuM+. J Lumin 132:2957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang FL, Yang S, Stoffers C, Penczek J, Yocom PN, Zaremba D, Wagner BK, Summers CJ (1998) Low voltage cathodoluminescence properties of blue emitting SrGa2S4:Ce3+ and ZnS:Ag, Cl phosphors. Appl Phys Lett 72:2226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, ten Kate OM, Delsing A, Kolk EVD, Notten PHL, Dorenbos P, Zhao J, Hintzen HT (2012) Photoluminescence properties and energy level locations of RE3+ (RE = Pr, Sm, Tb, Tb/Ce) in CaAlSiN3 phosphors. J Mater Chem 22:9813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Wang YH, Liu BT, Li F (2010) Energy transfer between Eu-Mn and photoluminescence properties of Ba0.75Al11O17.25-BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+, Mn2+ solid solution. J Appl Phys 108:033106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu HM, Lin CC, Luo WQ, Shu ST, Liu ZG, Liu YS, Kong JT, Ma E, Cao YG, Liu RS, Chen XY (2014) Highly efficient non-rare-earth red emitting phosphor for warm white light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun 5:4312

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorenko Y, Gorbenko V, Voznyak T, Zorenko T, Kuklinski B, Turos-Matysyak R, Grinberg M (2009) Luminescence properties of phosphors based on Tb3Al5O12 (TbAG) terbium-aluminum garnet. Opt Spectrosc 106:365

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Contract Nos: MOST 104-2113-M-002-012-MY3, 104-2119-M-002-027-MY3 and 104-2923-M-002-007-MY3).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ru Shi Liu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Lin, C., Chen, WT., Liu, R. (2017). Phosphors for White LEDs. In: Karlicek, R., Sun, CC., Zissis, G., Ma, R. (eds) Handbook of Advanced Lighting Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics