Skip to main content

Metallic Magnetic Thin Films

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Abstract

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is an advanced technique to grow single-crystalline films. In this chapter we survey the epitaxial growth of 3d transition magnetic metal and their alloy films via MBE. Several metastable structure phases are obtained in the ultrathin film. For example, the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase of Ni, which does not exist in nature, can be epitaxially grown on GaAs (001). It is found that the interface structure and film growth temperature play a crucial role in determining the film structure and magnetism. With these metastable structure phase and precisely controlled composition of 3d transition magnetic metal and their alloy films, we explore several interesting physics such as the origin of the extremely small magnetocrystalline anisotropy in permalloy and the correlation between the structure and magnetism in Co1−xMnx alloys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 949.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Baibich, M.N., Broto, J.M., Fert, A., Nguyen Van Dau, F., Petroff, F., Eitenne, P., Creuzet, G., Friederich, A., Chazelas, J.: Giant magnetoresistance of (001) Fe/(001) Cr magnetic superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Binash, G., Grünberg, G.P., Saurenbach, F., Zinn, W.: Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. Phys. Rev. B. 39, 4828 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pauling, L.: The nature of the interatomic forces in metals. Phys. Rev. 54, 899–904 (1938)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Slater, J.C.: Electronic structure of alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 8, 385–390 (1937)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Miron, I.M., Garello, K., Gaudin, G., Zermatten, P.-J., Costache, M.V., Auffret, S., Bandiera, S., Rodmacq, B., Schuhl, A., Gambardella, P.: Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection. Nature. 2011(476), 189 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jin, X.F.: Interfaces between magnetic thin films and GaAs substrate. J. Electr. Spectr. Relat. Phen. 114–116, 771 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Qian, D., Liu, G.L., Loison, D., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F.: Growth and structure of Cr thin films on GaAs (0 0 1). J. Cryst. Grow. 218, 197 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wolf, J.A., Krebs, J.J., Prinz, G.A.: Growth and magnetic characterization of face centered cubic Co on (001) diamond. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1057 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Weiss, R.J., Tauerr, K.J.: Thermodynamics and magnetic structures of the allotropic modifications of manganese. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 4, 135 (1958)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tian, D., Li, H., Wu, S.C., Jona, F., Marcus, P.M.: Epitaxy of Mn on Pd (001). Solid State Commun. 70, 199 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jonker, B.T., Krebs, J.J., Prinze, G.A.: Growth and magnetic characterization of Mn films and superlattices on Ag (001). Phys. Rev. B. 39, 1399 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Idzerda, Y.U., Jonker, B.T., Elam, W.T., Prinze, G.A.: Identification of the Mn structure in Mn/Ag (001) superlattices. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 5385 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jin, X., Zhang, M., Dong, G.S., Xu, M., Chen, Y., Xun Wang, X.G.Z., Shen, X.L.: Stabilization of face-centered-cubic Mn films via epitaxial growth on GaAs (001). Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 3078 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jin, X., Chen, Y., Lin, X.W., Dong, D.S., Chen, Y., Xu, M., Zhu, W.R., Wang, X., Shen, X.L., Li, L.: Interface structure of fcc Mn on GaAs (001). Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2455 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dong, G.S., Xu, M., Chen, Y., Jin, X., Xun Wang: XPS study of Mn thin films grown on GaAs (001) surfaces. Surf. Interface Anal. 24, 653 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang, C.S., Klein, B.M., Krakauer, H.: Theory of magnetic and structural ordering in iron. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1852 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pinski, F.J., Staunton, J., Gyorffy, B.L., Johnson, D.D., Stocks, G.M.: Ferromagnetism versus antiferromagnetism in face-centered-cubic iron. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2096 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Moruzzi, V.L., Marcus, P.M., Schwarz, K., Mohn, P.: Ferromagnetic phases of bcc and fcc Fe, Co, and Ni. Phys. Rev. B. 34, 1784 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Myrasov, O.N., Gubanov, V.A., Liechtenstein, A.I.: Spiral-spin-density-wave states in fcc iron: Linear-muffin-tin-orbitals band-structure approach. Phys. Rev. B. 45, 12330 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Uhl, M., Sandratskii, L.M., Kubler, J.: Spin fluctuations in γ-Fe and in Fe3Pt Invar from local-density-functional calculations. Phys. Rev. B. 50, 291 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Körling, M., Ergon, J.: Gradient-corrected ab initio calculations of spin-spiral states in fcc-Fe and the effects of the atomic-spheres approximation. Phys. Rev. B. 54, R8293 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhou, Y.M., Wang, D.S., Kawazoe, Y.: Effective ab initio exchange integrals and magnetic phase transition in fcc Fe and Mn antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B. 59, 8387 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tsunoda, Y.: Spin-density wave in cubic γ-Fe and γ-Fe100-xCox precipitates in Cu. J. Physica. C. 1(10), 427 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tsunoda, Y., Nishioka, Y., Nicklow, R.M.: Spin fluctuations in small γ-Fe precipitates. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 128, 133 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kalki, K., Chambliss, D.D., Johnson, K.E., Wilson, R.J., Chiang, S.: Evidence for martensitic fcc-bcc transition of thin Fe films on Cu (100). Phys. Rev. B. 48, 18344 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wuttig, M., Feldmann, B., Thomassen, J., May, F., Zillgen, H., Brodde, A., Hannemann, H., Neddermeyer, H.: Structural transformations of fcc iron films on Cu (100). Surf. Sci. 291, 14 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zillgen, H., Feldmann, B., Wuttig, M.: Structural and magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films deposited at low temperature on Cu (100). Surf. Sci. 321, 32 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Thomassen, J., Feldmann, B., Wuttig, M., Ibach, H.: Magnetic live surface layers in Fe/Cu (100). Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3831 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Keune, W., Ezawa, T., Macedo, W.A.A., Glos, U., Schletz, K.P., Kirschbaum, U.: Magneto-volume effects in γ-Fe ultrathin films and small particles. Physica (Amsterdam). 161B, 269 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Li, D., Freitag, M., Pearson, J., Qiu, Z.Q., Bader, S.D.: Magnetic and structural instabilities of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic Fe/Cu (100). J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6425 (1994).; Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3112 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Qian, D., Jin, X.F., Barthel, J., Klaua, M., Kirschner, J.: Spin-density wave in ultrathin Fe films on Cu (100). Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 227204 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shen, J., Schmidthals, C., Woltersdorf, J., Kirschner, J.: Structural phase transformation under reversed strain: a comparative study of iron ultrathin film growth on nickel and copper (100). Surf. Sci. 407, 90 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Prinz, G.A.: Stabilization of bcc Co via epitaxial growth on GaAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1051 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Liu, A.Y., Singh, D.J.: Elastic instability of bcc cobalt. Phys. Rev. B. 47, 8515 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Blundell, S.J., Gester, M., Bland, J.A.C., Daboo, C., Gu, E., Baird, M.J., Ives, A.J.R.: Structure induced magnetic anisotropy behavior in Co/GaAs (001) films. J. Appl. Phys. 73, 5948 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gu, E., Gester, M., Hicken, R.J., Daboo, C., Tselepi, M., Gray, S.J., Bland, J.A.C., Brown, L.M.: Fourfold anisotropy and structural behavior of epitaxial hcp Co/GaAs (001) thin films. Phys. Rev. B. 52, 14704 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Klautau, A.B., Eriksson, O.: Ab initio calculation of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and spin and orbital moments of a bcc Co (001) surface. Phys. Rev. B. 72, 014459 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wu, Y.Z., Ding, H.F., Jing, C., Wu, D., Liu, G.L., Gordon, V., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Zhu, S., Sun, K.: In-plane magnetic anisotropy of bcc Co on GaAs (001). Phys. Rev. B. 57, 11935 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Waldrop, J.R., Grant, R.W.: Interface chemistry of metal-GaAs Schottky-barrier contacts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 630 (1979).; Prinz, G.A., Krebs, J.J.: Molecular beam epitaxial growth of single-crystal Fe films on GaAs. ibid. 39, 397 (1981); Dong, G.S., Chen, Y., Zhang, M., Jin, X.: Simple design of electron beam evaporators for 3d transition metals. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13, 159 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wu, Y.Z., Ding, H.F., Jing, C., Wu, D., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Sun, K., Zhu, S.: Epitaxy and magnetism of Co on GaAs (001). J. Mag. Mag. Mat. 198-199, 297 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Xu, X.Y., Yin, L.F., Wei, D.H., Tian, C.S., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Jia, Q.J.: Measurement of the thickness-dependent magnetic anisotropy of Co/GaAs (001). Phys. Rev. B. 77, 052403 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mattheis, R., Quednau, G.: Determination of the anisotropy field strength in ultra-thin magnetic films using longitudinal MOKE and a rotating field: the ROTMOKE method. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 205, 143 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tian, Z., Tian, C., Yin, L., Wu, D., Dong, G., Jin, X., Qiu, Z.: Magnetic ordering and anisotropy of epitaxially grown FexCu1-x alloy on GaAs (001). Phys. Rev. B. 70, 012301 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mangan, M.A., Spanos, G., Ambrose, T., Prinz, G.A.: Transmission electron microscopy investigation of Co thin films on GaAs (001). Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 346 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Heinrich, B., Purcell, S.T., Dutcher, J.R., Urquhart, K.B., Cochran, J.F., Arrott, A.S.: Structural and magnetic properties of ultrathin Ni/Fe bilayers grown epitaxially on Ag (001). Phys. Rev. B: Cond. Matter. 38, 12879 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang, Z.Q., Li, Y.S., Jona, F., Marcus, P.M.: Epitaxial growth of body-centered-cubic nickel on iron. Solid State Commun. 61, 623 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bland, J.A.C., Bateson, R.D., Johnson, A.D., Heinrich, B., Celinski, Z., Lauter, H.J.: Magnetic properties of ultrathin bcc Fe (001) films grown epitaxially on Ag (001) substrates. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 331 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Celinski, Z., Urquhart, K.B., Heinrich, B.: Using ferromagnetic resonance to measure the magnetic moments of ultrathin films. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 166, 6 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Brookes, N.B., Clarke, A., Johnson, P.D.: Electronic and magnetic structure of bcc nickel. Phys. Rev. B. 46, 237 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee, J.I., Hong, S.C., Freeman, A.J., Fu, C.L.: Enhanced surface and interface magnetism of bcc Ni overlayers on Fe (001). Phys. Rev. B. 47, 810 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lin, T., Schwickert, M.M., Tomaz, M.A., Chen, H., Harp, G.R.: X-ray magnetic-circular-dichroism study of Ni/Fe (001) multilayers. Phys. Rev. B. 59, 13911 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. Aspelmeier, A., Tischer, M., Farle, M., Russo, M., Baberschke, K., Arvanitis, D.: Ac susceptibility measurements of magnetic monolayers: MCXD, MOKE, and mutual inductance. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 146, 256 (1995).; Wu, J., Jin, X.F.: Temperature-dependent magnetization in a ferromagnetic bilayer consisting of two materials with different Curie temperatures. Phys. Rev. B 70, 212406 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rader, O., Vescovo, E., Redinger, J., Blügel, S., Carbone, C., Eberhardt, W., Gudat, W.: Fe-induced magnetization of Pd: the role of modified Pd surface states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2247 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Moruzzi, V.L.: Singular volume dependence of transition-metal magnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2211 (1986).; Moruzzi, V.L., Marcus, P.M., Schwarz, K., Mohn, P.: Ferromagnetic phases of bcc and fcc Fe, Co, and Ni. Phys. Rev. B 34, 1784 (1986); Moruzzi, V.L., Marcus, P.M.: Magnetism in bcc 3d transition metals: onset and approach to the Hund’s-rule limit. Phys. Rev. B 38, 1613 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Guo, G.Y., Wang, H.H.: Gradient-corrected density functional calculation of elastic constants of Fe, Co and Ni in bcc, fcc and hcp structures. Chin. J. Phys. 38, 949 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tang, W.X., Qian, D., Wu, D., Wu, Y.Z., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Chen, S.M., Jiang, X.M., Zhang, X.X., Zhang, Z.: Growth and magnetism of Ni films on GaAs (001). J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 240, 404 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Tian, C.S., Qian, D., Wu, D., He, R.H., Wu, Y.Z., Tang, W.X., Yin, L.F., Shi, Y.S., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Jiang, X.M., Liu, F.Q., Qian, H.J., Sun, K., Wang, L.M., Rossi, G., Qiu, Z.Q., Shi, J.: Body-centered-cubic Ni and its magnetic properties. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 137210 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schulz, B., Schwarzwald, R., Baberschke, K.: Magnetic properties of ultrathin Ni/Cu (100) films determined by a UHV-FMR study. Surf. Sci. 307–309, 1102 (1994).; Zhang, R., Willis, R.F.: Thickness-dependent Curie temperatures of ultrathin magnetic films: effect of the range of spin-spin interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2665 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tischer, M., Arvanitis, D., Yokoyama, T., Lederer, T., Tröger, L., Baberschke, K.: Temperature dependent MCXD measurements of thin Ni films on Cu (100). Surf. Sci. 307–309, 1096 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. See Derek Craik: Magnetism. University of Nottingham, Nottingham (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Thomas, O., Shen, Q., Schieffer, P., Tournerie, N., Lépine, B.: Interplay between anisotropic strain relaxation and uniaxial interface magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial Fe films on (001) GaAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 017205 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. See, for example, Derek Craik: Magnetism: Principles and Applications, p. 392. Wiley, Chichester (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mckeehan, L.W.: Magnetic interaction and resultant anisotropy in unstrained ferromagnetic crystals. Phys. Rev. 52, 18 (1937)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Brooks, H.: Ferromagnetic anisotropy and the itinerant electron model. Phys. Rev. 58, 909 (1940)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. Tarasov, L.P.: Ferromagnetic anisotropy of low nickel alloys of iron. Phys. Rev. 56, 1245 (1939)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bozorth, R.M.: The permalloy problem. Rev. Mod. Phys. 25, 42 (1953)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. James, P., Eriksson, O., Hjortstam, O., Johansson, B., Nordstrom, L.: Calculated trends of the magnetostriction coefficient of 3d alloys from first principles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 915 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Weinberger, P., Szunyogh, L., Blaas, C., Sommers, C., Entel, P.: Magnetic properties of bulk NicFe1-c alloys, their free surfaces, and related spin-valve systems. Phys. Rev. B. 63, 094417 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Krebs, J.J., Jonker, B.T., Prinz, G.A.: Properties of Fe single-crystal films grown on (100) GaAs by molecular-beam epitaxy. J. Appl. Phys. 61, 2596 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yin, L.F., Wei, D.H., Lei, N., Zhou, L.H., Tian, C.S., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Guo, L.P., Jia, Q.J., Wu, R.Q.: Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in permalloy revisited. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 067203 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Noh, D.Y., Hwu, Y., Kim, H.K., Hong, M.: X-ray-scattering studies of the interfacial structure of Au/GaAs. Phys. Rev. B. 51, 4441 (1995).; Andersson, T.G., Le Lay, G., Kanski, J., Svensson, S.P.: Room-temperature growth of two-dimensional gold films on GaAs (001). Phys. Rev. B 36, 6231 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wakelin, R.J., Yates, E.L.: A study of the order-disorder transformation in Iron-Nickel alloys in the region FeNi3. Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. B. 66, 221 (1953)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wastlbauer, G., Bland, J.A.C.: Structural and magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial Fe films on GaAs (001) and related semiconductor substrates. Adv. Phys. 54, 137 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Tian, C.S.: Ph. D. Thesis, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Schumann, F.O., Willis, R.F., Goodman, K.G., Tobin, J.G.: Magnetic instability of ultrathin fcc FexNi1-x films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 5166 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wimmer, E., Krakauer, H., Weinert, M., Freeman, A.J.: Full-potential self-consistent linearized-augmented-plane-wave method for calculating the electronic structure of molecules and surfaces: O2 molecule. Phys. Rev. B. 24, 864 (1981).; Weinert, M., Wimmer, E., Freeman, A.J.: Total-energy all-electron density functional method for bulk solids and surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 26, 4571 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Perdew, J.P., Burke, K., Ernzerhof, M.: Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shull, C.G., Wilkinson, M.K.: Neutron diffraction studies of the magnetic structure of alloys of transition elements. Phys. Rev. 97, 304 (1955)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wu, R.Q., Freeman, A.J.: Spin–orbit induced magnetic phenomena in bulk metals and their surfaces and interfaces. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 200, 498 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Dieny, B., Speriosu, V.S., Gurney, B.A., Parkin, S.S.P., Whilhoit, D.R., Roche, K.P., Metin, S., Peterson, D.T., Nadimi, S.: Spin-valve effect in soft ferromagnetic sandwiches. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 101 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sands, T., Harbison, J.P., Leadbeater, M.L., Allen Jr., S., Hull, G.W., Ramesh, R., Keramidas, V.G.: Epitaxial ferromagnetic τ-MnAl films on GaAs. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2609 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tanaka, M., Harbison, J.P., Deboeck, J., Sands, T., Philips, B., Cheeks, T.L., Keramidas, V.G.: Epitaxial growth of ferromagnetic ultrathin MnGa films with perpendicular magnetization on GaAs. Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1565 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Matsui, M., Ido, T., Sato, K., Adachi, K.: Ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism in Co–Mn alloy. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 28, 791 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rogers, D.J., Maeda, Y., Takei, K.: Compositional separation in Co-Mn magnetic thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 78, 5842 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Thomson, T., Reidi, P.C., Wang, Q., Zabel, H.: 59Co and 55Mn NMR of CoMn alloys and multilayers. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 6300 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Menshikov, A.Z., Takzei, G.A., Dorofeev, Y.A., Kazanstev, V.A., Kostyshin, A.K., Sych, I.I.: Magnetic phase diagram of cobalt – manganese alloys. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 89, 1269 (1985) [Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 734 (1985)]

    Google Scholar 

  87. Wu, D., Liu, G.L., Jing, C., Wu, Y.Z., Loison, D., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F., Wang, D.-S.: Magnetic structure of Co1-xMnx alloys. Phys. Rev. B. 63, 214403 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Jing, C., Wu, Y.Z., Yang, Z.X., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F.: Structure and magnetism of Fe1−xMnx alloys on GaAs (001). J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 198–199, 270 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hansen, M.: In: Hansen, M. (ed.) Constitution of Binary Alloys, p. 580. McGraw-Hill, New York (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sumiyama, K., Yoshitabe, T., Nakamura, Y.: XPS valence band and core level spectra of sputter-deposited Fe–Cu, Fe–Ag and Fe–Cu–Ag alloy films. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 1725 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. Chien, C.L., Liou, S.H., Kofalt, D., Wu, Y., Egami, T., McGuire, T.R.: Magnetic properties of FexCu100-x solid solutions. Phys. Rev. B. 33, 3247 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. Crespo, P., Hernando, A., Yavari, R., Drbohlav, O., García Escorial, A., Barandiarán, J.M., Orúe, I.: Magnetic behavior of metastable fcc Fe-Cu after thermal treatments. Phys. Rev. B. 48, 7134 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ambrose, T., Gavrin, A., Chien, C.L.: Magnetic properties of metastable fcc Fe-Cu alloys prepared by high energy ball milling. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 124, 15 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Harris, V.G., Kemner, K.M., Das, B.N., Koon, N.C., Ehrlich, A.E., Kirkland, J.P., Woicik, J.C., Crespo, P., Hernando, A., Garcia Escorial, A.: Near-neighbor mixing and bond dilation in mechanically alloyed Cu-Fe. Phys. Rev. B. 54, 6929 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Manoharan, S.S., Klaua, M., Shen, J., Barthel, J., Jenniches, H., Kirschner, J.: Artificially ordered Fe-Cu alloy superlattices on Cu (001). I. Studies on the structural and magnetic properties. Phys. Rev. B. 58, 8549 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Uenishi, K., Kobayashi, K.F., Nasu, S., Hatano, H., Ishihara, K.N., Shingu, P.H.: Mechanical alloying in the Fe-Cu system. Z. Metallkd. 83, 132 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Serena, P.A., García, N.: Ferromagnetism in FeCu metastable alloys. Phys. Rev. B. 50, 944 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. Wang, J.-T., Zhou, L., Kawazoe, Y., Wang, D.-S.: Ab initio studies on the structural and magnetic properties of FeCu superlattices. Phys. Rev. B. 60, 3025 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Mermin, M.D., Wagner, H.: Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one-or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Pappas, D.P., Kamper, K.P., Hopster, H.: Reversible transition between perpendicular and in-plane magnetization in ultrathin films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 3179 (1990).; Pappas, D.P., Brundle, C.R., Hopster, H.: Reduction of macroscopic moment in ultrathin Fe films as the magnetic orientation changes. Phys. Rev. B 45, 8169 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. Qiu, Z.Q., Pearson, J., Bader, S.D.: Asymmetry of the spin reorientation transition in ultrathin Fe films and wedges grown on Ag (100). Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1006 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Wu, Y.Z., Won, C., Scholl, A., Doran, A., Zhao, H.W., Jin, X.F., Qiu, Z.Q.: Magnetic stripe domains in coupled magnetic sandwiches. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 117205 (2004).; Won, C., Wu, Y. Z., Choi, J., Kim, W., Scholl, A., Doran, A., Owens, T., Wu, J., Jin, X.F., Qiu, Z.Q.: Magnetic stripe melting at the spin reorientation transition in Fe/Ni/Cu (001). Phys. Rev. B 71, 224429 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. Schulz, B., Baberschke, K.: Crossover from in-plane to perpendicular magnetization in ultrathin Ni/Cu (001) films. Phys. Rev. B. 50, 13467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. Farle, M., Mirwald-Schulz, B., Anisimov, A.N., Platow, W., Baberschke, K.: Higher-order magnetic anisotropies and the nature of the spin-reorientation transition in face-centered-tetragonal Ni (001)/Cu (001). Phys. Rev. B. 55, 3708 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Matthes, F., Seider, M., Schneider, C.M.: Strain-induced magnetic anisotropies in ultrathin epitaxial NixPd1-x alloy films. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 8144 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. Yu, P., Yin, L.F., Wei, D.H., Tian, C.S., Dong, G.S., Jin, X.F.: Correlation between spin reorientation transition and Curie temperature of NixPd1-x alloy on Cu (001). Phys. Rev. B. 79, 212407 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. Oepen, H.-P., Knappmann, S., Wulfhekel, W.: Ferro-and para-magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial Co/Cu films. ibid. 148, 90 (1995).; Garreau, G., Farle, M., Beaurepaire, E., Baberschke, K.: Curie temperature and morphology in ultrathin Co/W (110) films. Phys. Rev. B 55, 330 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Arnold, C.S., Venus, D.: Simple window-compensation method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio in measurements of the magneto-optic Kerr effect in ultrathin films. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 3280 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. Arnold, C.S., Johnston, H.L., Venus, D.: Magnetic susceptibility measurements near the multicritical point of the spin-reorientation transition in ultrathin fcc Fe (111)/2 ML Ni/W (110) films. Phys. Rev. B. 56, 8169 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. O’Brien, W.L., Tonner, B.P.: Transition to the perpendicular easy axis of magnetization in Ni ultrathin films found by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Phys. Rev. B. 49, 15370 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Farle, M., Platow, W., Anisimov, A.N., Poulopoulos, P., Baberschke, K.: Anomalous reorientation phase transition of the magnetization in fct Ni/Cu (001). Phys. Rev. B. 56, 5100 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fritzsche, H., Kohlhepp, J., Elmers, H.J., Gradmann, U.: Angular dependence of perpendicular magnetic surface anisotropy and the spin-reorientation transition. Phys. Rev. B. 49, 15665 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. Heinrich, B., Monchesky, T., Urban, R.: Role of interfaces in higher order angular terms of magnetic anisotropies: ultrathin film structures. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 236, 339 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

One of the authors, XFJ, acknowledges the invaluable contribution of the past co-workers of Prof. G. S. Dong and graduated students.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to X.-F. Jin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Wu, D., Jin, XF. (2021). Metallic Magnetic Thin Films. In: Coey, J.M.D., Parkin, S.S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics