Table 2 Possible indicators for measuring the bioeconomy readiness of a country or jurisdiction
From: Bioeconomy as Climate Action: How ready are African Countries?
Production determinant | Indicators | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Sources of biomass BIOMASS | Arable land (% of country land area), ARL | Includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow |
| Â | National Biodiversity Index, NBI | Richness in four terrestrial vertebrate classes and vascular plants with adjustments country size |
| Â | Forest land (% of country land area), FOR | Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 m in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems |
Investment in R&D INV RD | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), RDE | Gloss domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP |
| Â | Company spending on R&D, CSR | The extent companies invest in research and development |
| Â | Patents applications per million population, PCT | Number of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per million population |
| Â | Capacity for innovation, CPI | How do companies obtain technology; from exclusively from licensing or imitating foreign companies to conducting formal research and pioneering their own new products and processes |
| Â | Availability of latest technologies, ALT | To what extent are the latest technologies available |
| Â | Quality of scientific research institutions, QRI | Quality of scientific research institutions |
| Â | Production process sophistication, PROD | Sophistication of production processes |
People in R&D PPL RD | Availability of scientists and engineers, ASE | Availability of scientists and engineers in the country |
| Â | Researchers in R&D per million people, RRD | The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million |
| Â | Technicians in R&D per million people, TRD | The number of technicians engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million |
|  | Quality of mathematics and science education, QMC | In your country, how do you assess the quality of math and science education? [1 = extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent – among the best in the world] |
| Â | University-industry collaboration in Research & Development, UIC | The extent to which business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) |
|  | Scientific and technical journal articles (2003–2016), SCT | The number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences |
Institutional arrangement IAR | Rule of law, LAW | Measures countries’ rule of law performance across eight factors: constraints on government powers, absence of corruption, open government, fundamental rights, order and security, regulatory enforcement, civil justice, and criminal justice |
| Â | Availability of financial services, FIN | Provision of a wide variety of financial products and services to businesses |
| Â | Quality of overall infrastructure, IFR | Quality of overall infrastructure |
|  | Macroeconomic stability, ECON | The extent to which a country’s public sector can provide appropriate counter-cyclical measures and invest in projects that the private sector cannot finance |