The field of Men’s Studies in both psychology and religion has gained increasing attention following the rise of Second-Wave Feminism in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, the field remains relatively polarized, particularly within the church. In that original period, Griffiss (1985) made a distinction between Constantinian (essentialist) models of pastoral care and liberation models. Following Griffiss’ lead, this entry will be presented from a liberation model, which is better suited to a variety of men’s needs and their performances of masculinity. “In this model, persons are called into the freedom of the future, while social and ecclesiastical structures are viewed as tentative and revisable” (in Culbertson 1994, pp. 9–10). The fields of biomedical research, psychology, communication linguistics, and behavioral and cultural anthropology suggest that men and women function in different ways. For example, men have much higher rates of suicide, alcoholism, homelessness, and crime, implying...
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Culbertson, P. (2020). Pastoral Counseling to Men. In: Leeming, D.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24348-7_9303
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