Abstract
This paper deals with the origins of the European space security and defense effort. The main thrust of the argument in this paper runs as follows. All institutional space security and defense discussions were facilitated by an existing space security culture in Europe. This culture goes back several decades. The main institutional actor which paved the way for its creation was the Western European Union. The WEU now may has ceased to exist, but its space security culture it created remained. As such it facilitated the EU to recognize the importance of space activities in its Common Security and Defence Policy.
References
Asbeck F (2015) Foreword. In: Schrogl K-U et al (eds) Handbook of space security. Springer Science +Business Media, New York, p vii. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2029-3_66
Assembly of Western European Union. Proceedings Vol. III, seventh session, second part, Document 215, December 1961
Assembly of Western European Union. Proceedings Vol. III, twelfth session, second part, December 1966, Document 388, Item no: WEU-22.011, 21/11/1966
Assembly of Western European Union. The Military Use of Space, Report, submitted on behalf of the Committee on Scientific, Technological and Aerospace, Thirtieth Ordinary Session (First Part), Document 976, 15 May 1984
Assembly of Western European Union. The Space Challenge for Europe: colloquy, Munich, Official record. Office of the Clerk of the Assembly of WEU, Paris 18th–20th September 1985
Assembly of Western European Union. Verification: a future European satellite agency: report by Mr Fourré rapporteur, Proceedings Vol. III, Thirty-fourth session, second part, December 1988a, Assembly document 1159
Assembly of Western European Union. Scientific and technical aspects of arms control verification by satellite, report by Mr Malfatti, rapporteur Proceedings, Vol. III, Thirty-fourth session, second part, December 1988b, Assembly document 1160
Assembly of Western European Union. Observation Satellites, a European Means of Verifying Disarmament, Symposium, Technological and Aerospace Committee. Rome,Official Record. Office of the Clerk of the Assembly of WEU, Paris, 27th–28th March 1990
Assembly of Western European Union. Weaponry after the Gulf War-New equipment requirements for restructured armed forces, 37 Ordinary Session, Document 1272, 14 May 1991
Assembly of Western European Union. The development of a European space-based observation system, 38 Ordinary Session, Document 1304, 30th April 1992
Assembly of Western European Union. A European Space-based Observation System,Colloquy, Official Record. Office of the Clerk of the Assembly of WEU, Paris, San Agustin, Gran Canaria, 24th–25th March 1995
Assembly of Western European Union. European space observation vital for EU security, WEU Press Release, 5 June 2002
Bailes A, Messervy-Whiting G. The demise of the Western European Union: lessons for European Defence, International Security Programme Rapporteur Report, 10 May 2011. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/100511_bailes_0.pdf
Bildt C, Peyrelevade J, Späth L (2000) Towards a space agency for the European Union. Report for the Director-General of the European Space Agency. Available from http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/annex2_wisemen.pdf
Council of the European Union. Draft GAERC conclusions on ESDP (public), 9174/03, Brussels, 13 May 2003. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%209174%202003%20INIT
Council of the European Union. European space policy: “ESDP and space”, 11616/04, 16 Nov. 2004. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/04/st11/st11616-re03.en04.pdf, par.1
De Selding P. Calls for French Lead in European Spy satellite drive, Space News, May 13–19, 1991a, p 20
De Selding P. Joxe: France to Share Helios Images with WEU, Space News, June 10–16, 1991b, p 22
EU Global Strategy (2016) Shared vision, common action: a stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Vice-President of the European Commission. https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/global-strategy-foreign-and-security-policy-european-union
European Commission. Europe and space: turning to a new chapter. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – COM/2000/0597 final
European Commission. Green Paper on the future of Europe in Space, Workshop on Security Aspects Brussels 15th November 2002, Research Directorate-General, Space Policy and Coordination of Research, Brussels, 26/11/2002, D(2002) CB
European Commission. Green paper on European space policy: report on the consultation process – information document to the Joint Task Force 4 September 2003, Sec (2003) 1249 Brussels, 11.11.2003, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2014886%202003%20ADD%201. European Commission, European security discussed at Athens, Green Paper consultation, 15 May 2003, https://www.web.archive.org/web/20080205161946; http://www.ec.europa.eu:80/enterprise/space/news/article_598_en.html
European External Action Service. Shaping of a common security and defence policy, 08/07/2016. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/5388/shaping-common-security-and-defence-policy_en
European Union Military Staff. Space systems needs for military operations, 9793/03, 27 May 2003
Gupta V. METEOSAT lifted fog of war to expose reality in Gulf, DEFENCE NEWS, March 18, 1991
Hatjiadoniu A. (2000) The Daedalus European security: the interactions of NATO, EU, WEU. NATO research fellowships programme 1998–2000. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/98-00/hatjiadoniu.pdf
Heintze H-J, Wallner J, Hounam D, Nowak M (1993) Remote sensing and strengthening European security. Space Policy 9:65
Hellenic Presidency’s Initiative. “WEU Earth Observation Space Policy”, SGS(98), Bruxelles, 27/2/1998, presented by Alexandros Kolovos, at the Space Group of WEU
Holthoff H. A European satellite system-a cooperation programme for an autonomous European security policy, Second EUCOSAT Symposium on Satellite System for security: a European multi-user system, Bonn, 20 September 1995
Kiernan V. Satellites play key role in swift Gulf Victory, Space News, March 4–10, 1991
Kolovos A. The European space policy – its impact and challenges for the European security and defence policy. ESPI perspectives 27. European Space Policy Institute, September 2009, p 18. https://espi.or.at/publications/voices-from-the-space-community/publications-of-the-former-espi-perspective-series/send/10-publications-of-the-former-espi-perspective-series/229-the-european-space-policy-its-impact-and-challenges-for-the-european-security-and-defence-policy
Lenzer C. WEU and Helios 2, Document 1525, Assembly of Western European Union, 14 May 1996. http://aei.pitt.edu/53681/1/B0944.pdf
Lisbon Treaty (2009) Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007
Maastricht (1992) Treaty on the European Union signed at Maastricht on 7 February 1992. Official Journal of the European Communities, C 191
McLean A (1995) Integrating European security through space. Space Policy 11(4):239–247
Molard B (1998) How the WEU Satellite centre could help in the development of a European intelligence policy. In: Becher K, Molard B, Oberson F, Politi A (eds) Towards a European intelligence policy. Chaillot paper, 34. Institute for Security Studies of WEU, Paris
Remuss L (2015) Responsive space. In: Schrogl K-U et al (eds) Handbook of space security. Springer Science +Business Media, New York, p 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2029-3_66
Schrogl K-U et al (eds) 2015 Handbook of space security. Springer Science +Business Media, New York. p 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2029-3_66
Space Policy. European cooperation in space-based defence, November 1991, p 337
Voûte C, (1986) A European military space community. Space Policy 2(3):206–222
WEU Council Of Ministers. European security: a common concept of the 27 WEU countries, Madrid, 14 November 1995, WEU. http://www.weu.int/documents/951114en.pdf
WEU Council Of Ministers. Concept paper for the satellite centre. Paris, 13 May 1997
WEU Council Of Ministers. Rome declaration, page. 10, para. 5, 16/11/1998
WEU Satellite Centre. Feasibility of Satellite data reception at WEU, SC (97) 6, 1997
WEU Satellite Centre. Mid-Term concept for improving access to satellite imagery, MTC/V.1.0/31.10.2000
WEU Secretariat-General. WEU today. Brussels, January 2000. http://www.weu.int/WEU_Today2.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Kolovos, A. (2019). Development of a Space Security Culture: Case of Western European Union. In: Handbook of Space Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22786-9_80-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22786-9_80-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22786-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22786-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering