Abstract
Oil reservoir souring is the production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in oil fields. Anaerobic respiration of sulfate is supported by various electron donors in petroleum reservoir ecosystems. Nitrate addition results in souring control by stimulating dissimilatory nitrate-reducing microorganisms (NRM) that directly or indirectly utilize petroleum-derived SRM electron donors. The oxidative capacity of nitrate for this process depends on NRM physiology and whether nitrate is metabolized to fully reduced end products or is partially reduced to nitrite. Production of nitrite is beneficial because it inhibits SRM. In laboratory tests, similar to nitrate, perchlorate also results in inhibition of microbial sulfate reduction by stimulating dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing microorganisms (PRM). The intermediates of perchlorate respiration include the potent oxidants, chlorate, chlorite, and dioxygen, which, like nitrite, are also highly inhibitory of SRM. The two approaches to souring control have interesting similarities and differences with respect to mode of action, and we discuss ways in which they could have beneficial synergistic interactions in a co-treatment approach to souring control. Other oxyanion inhibitors of souring are an interesting area of future research, and we summarize data on their modes of action and impact on different microbial subpopulations. Oil companies use various microbiological surveillance tools to monitor the success of nitrate injection or other souring control strategies. SRM surveillance traditionally relies on cultivation-based testing but in recent years has expanded to include cultivation-independent molecular and isotopic methods for detection and quantification of both harmful and beneficial oil reservoir microbes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Agrawal A, Park HS, Nathoo S et al (2012) Toluene depletion in produced oil contributes to souring control in a field subjected to nitrate injection. Environ Sci Technol 46:1285–1292. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203748b
Alkindi A, Prince-Wright R, Moore WR et al (2013) Challenges for waterflooding in a Deepwater environment. SPE Prod Oper 23:404–410. https://doi.org/10.2118/118735-PA
Amann R, Fuchs BM (2008) Single-cell identification in microbial communities by improved fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:339–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1888
Amann RI, Binder BJ, Olson RJ et al (1990) Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1919–1925
An BA, Shen Y, Voordouw G (2017) Control of sulfide production in high salinity bakken shale oil reservoirs by halophilic bacteria reducing nitrate to nitrite. Front Microbiol 8:1164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01164
Aüllo T, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Ollivier B, Magot M (2013) Desulfotomaculum spp. and related gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria in deep subsurface environments. Front Microbiol 4:362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00362
Barnum TP, Figueroa IA, Carlström CI et al (2018) Genome-resolved metagenomics identifies genetic mobility, metabolic interactions, and unexpected diversity in perchlorate-reducing communities. ISME J 115:E00E11–E01581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0081-5
Barrero Canosa J, Moraru C, Zeugner L et al (2017) Direct-geneFISH: a simplified protocol for the simultaneous detection and quantification of genes and rRNA in microorganisms. Environ Microbiol 19:70–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13432
Barth T (1991) Organic acids and inorganic ions in waters from petroleum reservoirs, Norwegian continental shelf: a multivariate statistical analysis and comparison with American reservoir formation waters. Appl Geochem 6:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90059-X
Bender KS, Rice MR, Fugate WH et al (2004) Metabolic primers for detection of (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria in the environment and phylogenetic analysis of cld gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5651–5658. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.9.5651-5658.2004
Birkeland N-K (2005) Sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 35–54
Bowers RM, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R et al (2017) Minimum information about a single amplified genome (MISAG) and a metagenome-assembled genome (MIMAG) of bacteria and archaea. Nat Biotechnol 35:725–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3893
Bryant MP, Campbell LL, Reddy CA, Crabill MR (1977) Growth of Desulfovibrio in lactate or ethanol media low in sulfate in association with H2-utilizing methanogenic bacteria. Appl Environm Microbiol 33:1162–1169
Burgin AJ, Hamilton SK (2007) Have we overemphasized the role of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems? A review of nitrate removal pathways. Front Ecol Environ 5:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[89:HWOTRO]2.0.CO;2
Carlson HK, Kuehl JV, Hazra AB et al (2014) Mechanisms of direct inhibition of the respiratory sulfate-reduction pathway by (per)chlorate and nitrate. ISME J 9:1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.216
Carlson HK, Stoeva MK, Justice NB et al (2015) Monofluorophosphate is a selective inhibitor of respiratory sulfate-reducing microorganisms. Environ Sci Technol 49:3727–3736. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505843z
Carlson HK, Mullan MR, Mosqueda LA et al (2017) High-throughput screening to identify potent and specific inhibitors of microbial sulfate reduction. Environ Sci Technol 51:7278–7285. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00686
Carlström CI, Wang O, Melnyk RA et al (2013) Physiological and genetic description of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by the novel marine bacterium Arcobacter sp. strain CAB. mBio 4:e00217–e00213. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00217-13
Carlström CI, Loutey D, Bauer S et al (2015) (Per)Chlorate-reducing bacteria can utilize aerobic and anaerobic pathways of aromatic degradation with (per)chlorate as an electron acceptor. mBio 6:e02287–e02214. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02287-14
Chin K-J, Sharma ML, Russell LA et al (2008) Quantifying expression of a dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase gene in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Microb Ecol 55:489–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9294-2
Clark IC, Youngblut M, Jacobsen G et al (2016) Genetic dissection of chlorate respiration in Pseudomonas stutzeri PDA reveals syntrophic (per)chlorate reduction. Environ Microbiol 18:3342–3354. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13068
Coates JD (2014) Inhibition of microbial sulfate reduction in a flow-through column system by (per)chlorate treatment. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00315/abstract
Coates JD, Bruce RA, Haddock JD (1998) Anoxic bioremediation of hydrocarbons. Nature 396:730–730. https://doi.org/10.1038/25470
Coates JD, Michaelidou U, Bruce RA et al (1999) Ubiquity and diversity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5234–5241
Dalsgaard T, Bak F (1994) Nitrate reduction in a sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, isolated from rice paddy soil: sulfide inhibition, kinetics, and regulation. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:291–297
Dolfing J, Hubert CRJ (2017) Using thermodynamics to predict the outcomes of nitrate-based oil reservoir souring control interventions. Front Microbiol 8:2575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02575
Dong X, Kleiner M, Sharp CE, et al (2017) Fast and simple analysis of MiSeq amplicon sequencing data with MetaAmp. bioRxiv:131631. https://doi.org/10.1101/131631
Eckford RE, Fedorak PM (2004) Chapter 11 Using nitrate to control microbially-produced hydrogen sulfide in oil field waters. In: Petroleum biotechnology – developments and perspectives. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 307–340
Engelbrektson AL, Cheng Y, Hubbard CG, Jin YT, Arora B, Tom LM, Hu P, Grauel AL, Conrad ME, Andersen GL, Ajo-Franklin JB, Coates JD (2018a) Attenuating Sulfidogenesis in a soured continuous flow column system with perchlorate treatment. Front Microbiol 9:1575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01575
Engelbrektson A, Briseno V, Liu Y, Figueroa I, Yee M, Shao GL, Carlson H, Coates JD (2018b) Mitigating Sulfidogenesis with simultaneous perchlorate and nitrate treatments. Front Microbiol 9:2305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02305
Fida TT, Chen C, Okpala G, Voordouw G (2016) Implications of limited thermophilicity of nitrite reduction for control of sulfide production in oil reservoirs. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:4190–4199. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00599-16
Frias-Lopez J, Shi Y, Tyson GW et al (2008) Microbial community gene expression in ocean surface waters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:3805–3810. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708897105
Gevertz D, Telang AJ, Voordouw G, Jenneman GE (2000) Isolation and characterization of strains CVO and FWKO B, two novel nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria isolated from oil field brine. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2491–2501. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.6.2491-2501.2000
Gieg LM, Jack, TR, Foght JM (2011) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 92:263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3542-6
Giovannoni S, Stingl U (2007) The importance of culturing bacterioplankton in the “omics” age. Nat Rev Micro 5:820–826. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1752
Gittel A, Sørensen KB, Skovhus TL et al (2009) Prokaryotic community structure and sulfate reducer activity in water from high-temperature oil reservoirs with and without nitrate treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7086–7096. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01123-09
Greene EA, Hubert C, Nemati M et al (2003) Nitrite reductase activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria prevents their inhibition by nitrate-reducing, sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 5:607–617. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00446.x
Greene EA, Brunelle V, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G (2006) Synergistic inhibition of microbial sulfide production by combinations of the metabolic inhibitor nitrite and biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7897–7901. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01526-06
Gregoire P, Engelbrektson A, Hubbard CG et al (2014) Control of sulfidogenesis through bio-oxidation of H2S coupled to (per)chlorate reduction. Environ Microbiol Rep 6:558–564
Grigoryan A, Voordouw G (2008) Microbiology to help solve our energy needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1125:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1419.004
Grigoryan AA, Cornish SL, Buziak B et al (2008) Competitive oxidation of volatile fatty acids by sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria from an oil field in Argentina. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:4324–4335. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00419-08
Hanna E, Ng KF, MacRae IJ et al (2004) Kinetic and stability properties of Penicillium chrysogenum ATP sulfurylase missing the C-terminal regulatory domain. J Biol Chem 279:4415–4424. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M311317200
Harms G, Zengler K, Rabus R et al (1999) Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene, m-xylene, and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:999–1004
Haveman SA, Greene EA, Stilwell CP et al (2004) Physiological and gene expression analysis of inhibition of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough by nitrite. J Bacteriol 186:7944–7950. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.23.7944-7950.2004
Head IM, Jones DM, Larter SR (2003) Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil. Nature 426:344–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02134
Henry S, Bru D, Stres B et al (2006) Quantitative detection of the nosZ gene, encoding nitrous oxide reductase, and comparison of the abundances of 16S rRNA, narG, nirK, and nosZ genes in soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5181–5189. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00231-06
Hu P, Tom L, Singh A et al (2016) Genome-resolved metagenomic analysis reveals roles for candidate phyla and other microbial community members in biogeochemical transformations in oil reservoirs. mBio 7:e01669–e01615. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01669-15
Hubbard CG, Cheng Y, Engelbrekston A et al (2014) Isotopic insights into microbial sulfur cycling in oil reservoirs. Front Microbiol 5:480. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00480
Hubert C, Voordouw G (2007) Oil field souring control by nitrate-reducing Sulfurospirillum spp. that outcompete sulfate-reducing bacteria for organic electron donors. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2644–2652. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02332-06
Hubert C, Nemati M, Jenneman G, Voordouw G (2003) Containment of biogenic sulfide production in continuous up-flow packed-bed bioreactors with nitrate or nitrite. Biotechnol Prog 19:338–345. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp020128f
Hubert C, Nemati M, Jenneman G, Voordouw G (2005) Corrosion risk associated with microbial souring control using nitrate or nitrite. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:272–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1897-2
Hubert C, Voordouw G, Mayer B (2009) Elucidating microbial processes in nitrate- and sulfate-reducing systems using sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios: the example of oil reservoir souring control. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:3864–3879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.03.025
Hubert CRJ, Oldenburg TBP, Fustic M, Gray ND, Larter SR, Penn K, Rowan AK, Seshadri R, Sherry A, Swainsbury R, Voordouw G, Voordouw J, Head IM (2012) Massive dominance of Epsilonproteobacteria in formation waters from a Canadian oil sands reservoir containing severely biodegraded oil. Environ Microbiol 14:387–404
Imachi H, Sekiguchi Y, Kamagata Y et al (2006) Non-sulfate-reducing, syntrophic bacteria affiliated with Desulfotomaculum cluster I are widely distributed in methanogenic environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:2080–2091. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.3.2080-2091.2006
Jensen AB, Webb C (1995) Treatment of H2S-containing gases: a review of microbiological alternatives. Enzym Microb Technol 17:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)00080-B
Johnson RJ, Folwell BD, Wirekoh A et al (2017) Reservoir souring – latest developments for application and mitigation. J Biotechnol 256:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.003
Jones DM, Head IM, Gray ND et al (2008) Crude-oil biodegradation via methanogenesis in subsurface petroleum reservoirs. Nature 451:176–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06484
Justice NB, Sczesnak A, Hazen TC, Arkin AP (2017) Environmental selection, dispersal, and organism interactions shape community assembly in high-throughput enrichment culturing. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e01253–e01217. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01253-17
Kim DD, O'Farrell C, Toth CRA, Montoya O, Gieg LM, Kwon TH, Yoon S (2018) Microbial community analyses of produced waters from high-temperature oil reservoirs reveal unexpected similarity between geographically distant oil reservoirs. Microb Biotechnol 11:788–796
Kraft B, Tegetmeyer HE, Sharma R et al (2014) Nitrogen cycling. The environmental controls that govern the end product of bacterial nitrate respiration. Science 345:676–679. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254070
Lahme S, Hubert C (2017) Corrosion risks associated with (bio)chemical processes in sour systems due to nitrate injection or oxygen ingress. In: Enning DE, Skovhus TL, Lee J (eds) Microbiologically influenced corrosion in the upstream oil and gas industry. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp 87–109. ISBN: 978-149872660-3; 978-149872656-6
Lahme S, Enning DE, Callbeck CM, Menendez Vega D, Curtis TP, Head IM, Hubert CRJ (2019) Metabolites of an oil field sulfide-oxidizing nitrate-reducing Sulfurimonas sp. cause severe corrosion. Appl Environ Microbiol 85(3):01891–01818. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01891-18
Lewin A, Johansen J, Wentzel A et al (2014) The microbial communities in two apparently physically separated deep subsurface oil reservoirs show extensive DNA sequence similarities. Environ Microbiol 16:545–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12181
Li X, Krumholz LR (2007) Regulation of arsenate resistance in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20 by an arsRBCC operon and an arsC gene. J Bacteriol 189:3705–3711. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01913-06
Li G, Gao P, Wu Y et al (2014) Microbial abundance and community composition influence production performance in a low-temperature petroleum reservoir. Environ Sci Technol 48:5336–5344. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500239w
Lide DD (2007) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 88th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–59
Liebensteiner MG, Pinkse MWH, Schaap PJ et al (2013) Archaeal (per)chlorate reduction at high temperature: an interplay of biotic and abiotic reactions. Science 340:85–87. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233957
Liebensteiner MG, Tsesmetzis N, Stams AJM, Lomans BP (2014) Microbial redox processes in deep subsurface environments and the potential application of (per)chlorate in oil reservoirs. Front Microbiol 5:428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00428
Lovley DR, Phillips EJP (1994) Reduction of chromate by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and its c3 cytochrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:726–728
Loy A, Duller S, Baranyi C et al (2009) Reverse dissimilatory sulfite reductase as phylogenetic marker for a subgroup of sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes. Environ Microbiol 11:289–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01760.x
Magot M (2005) Indigenous microbial communities in oil fields. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 21–34
McGenity TJ (2016) Introduction to the isolation and cultivation of microbes involved in the hydrocarbon cycle. In: Hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology protocols, 2nd edn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 1–25
McKew BA, Smith CJ (2015) Real-time PCR approaches for analysis of hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial communities. In: Hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology protocols. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 45–64
Mehta-Kolte MG, Loutey D, Wang O et al (2017) Mechanism of H2S oxidation by the dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing microorganism Azospira suillum PS. mBio 8:e02023–e02016. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02023-16
Melnyk RA, Coates JD (2015) The perchlorate reduction genomic island: mechanisms and pathways of evolution by horizontal gene transfer. BMC Genomics 16:616. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2011-5
Melnyk RA, Clark IC, Liao A, Coates JD (2013) Transposon and deletion mutagenesis of genes involved in perchlorate reduction in Azospira suillum PS. mBio 5:e00769–e00713. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00769-13
Melnyk RA, Youngblut MD, Clark IC et al (2015) Novel mechanism for scavenging of hypochlorite involving a periplasmic methionine-rich peptide and methionine sulfoxide reductase. mBio 6:e00233–15–e00233–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00233-15
Michel C, Brugna M, Aubert C et al (2001) Enzymatic reduction of chromate: comparative studies using sulfate-reducing bacteria: key role of polyheme cytochromes c and hydrogenases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55:95–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530000467
Moraru C, Lam P, Fuchs BM et al (2010) GeneFISH – an in situ technique for linking gene presence and cell identity in environmental microorganisms. Environ Microbiol 12:3057–3073. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02281.x
Müller AL, Kjeldsen KU, Rattei T et al (2015) Phylogenetic and environmental diversity of DsrAB-type dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductases. ISME J 9:1152–1165. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.208
Muyzer G, Stams AJM (2008) The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria. Nat Rev Micro 6:441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1892
Nemati M, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G (2001a) Mechanistic study of microbial control of hydrogen sulfide production in oil reservoirs. Biotechnol Bioeng 74:424–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.1133
Nemati M, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G (2001b) Impact of nitrate-mediated microbial control of souring in oil reservoirs on the extent of corrosion. Biotechnol Prog 17:852–859. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp010084v
Okpala GN, Chen C, Fida T, Voordouw G (2017) Effect of thermophilic nitrate reduction on sulfide production in high temperature oil reservoir samples. Front Microbiol 8:1573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01573
Ollivier B, Cayol J-L (2005) Fermentative, iron-reducing, and nitrate-reducing microorganisms. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 71–88
Ollivier B, Cayol J-L, Fauque G (2009) Sulphate-reducing bacteria from oil field environments and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In: Barton LL, Hamilton WA (eds) Sulphate-reducing bacteria. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 305–328
Oremland RS, Capone DG (1988) Use of “specific” inhibitors in biogeochemistry and microbial ecology. In: Advances in microbial ecology. Springer US, Boston, pp 285–383
Pannekens M, Kroll L, Müller H, Tall Mbow F, Meckenstock RU (2019) Oil reservoirs, an exceptional habitat for microorganisms. New Biotechnol 49:1–9
Peck HD (1959) The ATP-Dependent Reduction of Sulfate with Hydrogen in Extracts of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 45:701–708. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.45.5.701
Pereira IA, LeGall J, Xavier AV, Teixeira M (2000) Characterization of a heme c nitrite reductase from a non-ammonifying microorganism, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Biochim Biophys Acta 1481:119–130
Pham VD, Hnatow LL, Zhang S et al (2009) Characterizing microbial diversity in production water from an Alaskan mesothermic petroleum reservoir with two independent molecular methods. Environ Microbiol 11:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01751.x
Plugge CM, Balk M, Stams AJM (2002) Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum subsp. thermosyntrophicum subsp. nov., a thermophilic, syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing, spore-forming bacterium. IJSEB 52:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-2-391
Postgate JR (1952) Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of bacterial sulphate reduction. J Gen Microbiol 6:128–142. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-6-1-2-128
Renosto F, Patel HC, Martin RL et al (1993) ATP sulfurylase from higher plants: kinetic and structural characterization of the chloroplast and cytosol enzymes from spinach leaf. Arch Biochem Biophys 307:272–285. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1993.1590
Rowley HH, Stuckey JE (1956) Preparation and properties of calcium monofluorophosphate dihydrate. J Am Chem Soc 78:4262–4263. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01598a022
Sanders PF, Sturman PJ (2005) Biofouling in the oil industry. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 171–198
Schwermer CU, Lavik G, Abed RMM et al (2008) Impact of nitrate on the structure and function of bacterial biofilm communities in pipelines used for injection of seawater into oil fields. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2841–2851. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02027-07
Seitz H-JR, Cypionka H (1986) Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans with hydrogen coupled to ammonification of nitrate or nitrite. Arch Microbiol 146:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00690160
Shen Y, Voordouw G (2015) Primers for dsr genes and most probable number method for detection of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oil reservoirs. In: Shen Y, Voordouw G (eds) Hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology protocols. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 35–43
Smith CJ, Nedwell DB, Dong LF, Osborn AM (2007) Diversity and abundance of nitrate reductase genes (narG and napA), nitrite reductase genes (nirS and nrfA), and their transcripts in estuarine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3612–3622. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02894-06
Smith CJ, Osborne AM (2008) Advantages and limitations of quantitative PCR(Q-PCR)-based approaches in microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 67:6–20
Smith CJ, McKew BA, Coggan A, Whitby C (2017) Primers: functional genes for nitrogen-cycling. In: McGenity TJ et al (eds) Hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology protocols, Springer protocols handbooks, pp 207–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/8623_2015_184
Stahl DA, Loy A, Wagner M (2007) Molecular strategies for studies of natural populations of sulphate-reducing microorganisms. In: Barton LL, Hamilton WA (eds) Sulphate-reducing bacteria. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 39–116
Stahl DA, Loy A, Wagner M (2009) Molecular strategies for studies of natural populations of sulphate-reducing microorganisms. In: Barton LL, Hamilton WA (eds) Sulphate-reducing bacteria. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 39–116
Stewart EJ (2012) Growing unculturable bacteria. J Bacteriol 194:4151–4160. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00345-12
Strohm TO, Griffin B, Zumft WG, Schink B (2007) Growth yields in bacterial denitrification and nitrate ammonification. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1420–1424. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02508-06
Suri N, Voordouw J, Voordouw G (2017) The effectiveness of nitrate-mediated control of the oil field sulfur cycle depends on the toluene content of the oil. Front Microbio 8:956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00956
Telang AJ, Ebert S, Foght JM et al (1998) Effects of two diamine biocides on the microbial community from an oil field. Can J Microbiol 44:1060–1065. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-44-11-1060
Telang AJ, Jenneman GE, Voordouw G (1999) Sulfur cycling in mixed cultures of sulfide-oxidizing and sulfate- or sulfur-reducing oil field bacteria. Can J Microbiol 45:905–913. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-45-11-905
Thrasher DR, Vance I (2005) Reservoir souring: mechanisms and prevention. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 123–142
Torsvik T, Sunde E (2005) Microbial control of hydrogen sulfide production in oil reservoirs. In: Petroleum microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 201–213
Vester F, Ingvorsen K (1998) Improved most-probable-number method to detect sulfate-reducing bacteria with natural media and a radiotracer. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1700–1707
Vigneron A, Alsop EB, Lomans BP et al (2017) Succession in the petroleum reservoir microbiome through an oil field production lifecycle. ISME J 11:2141–2154. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2017.78
Vigneron A, Cruaud P, Alsop E, de Rezende JR, Head IM (2018) Beyond the tip of the iceberg; A new view of the diversity of sulfite- and sulfate-reducing microorganisms. ISME J 12:2096–2099
Voordouw G, Armstrong SM, Reimer MF et al (1996) Characterization of 16S rRNA genes from oil field microbial communities indicates the presence of a variety of sulfate-reducing, fermentative, and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1623–1629
Voordouw G, Voordouw JK, Karkhoff-Schweizer RR, Fedorak PM, Westlake DWS (1991) Reverse Sample Genome Probing, a New Technique for Identification of Bacteria in Environmental Samples by DNA Hybridization, and Its Application to the Identification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Oil Field Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(11):3070–3078
Widdel F, Musat F, Knittel K, Galushko A (2009) Anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons with sulphate as electron acceptor. In: Barton LL, Hamilton WA (eds) Sulphate-reducing bacteria. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 265–304
Youngblut MD, Tsai C-L, Clark IC et al (2016a) Perchlorate reductase is distinguished by active site aromatic gate residues. J Biol Chem 291:9190–9202. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.714618
Youngblut MD, Wang O, Barnum TP, Coates JD (2016b) (Per)chlorate in biology on earth and beyond. Annu Rev Microbiol 70:435–457. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095406
Zengler K, Richnow HH, Rosselló-Mora R et al (1999) Methane formation from long-chain alkanes by anaerobic microorganisms. Nature 401:266–269. https://doi.org/10.1038/45777
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from the Campus Alberta Innovates Program to CRJH and from the UC Berkeley Energy Biosciences Institute to HKC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Carlson, H.K., Hubert, C.R.J. (2019). Mechanisms and Monitoring of Oil Reservoir Souring Control by Nitrate or Perchlorate Injection. In: McGenity, T. (eds) Microbial Communities Utilizing Hydrocarbons and Lipids: Members, Metagenomics and Ecophysiology . Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14785-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14785-3_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14784-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14785-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences