Definition
The United Nations defines transitional justice as “the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society’s attempts to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation” (United Nations 2004). It refers to the policies and instruments that deal with past atrocities to overcome social divisions (Costi 2006) caused by past repressive regimes. The central idea of transitional justice is how to achieve justice by providing a just social response to past abuses of human rights and through social transformation. What is just depends on the social context and historical experience of a society and “is contingent and informed by prior injustice” (Teitl 2000). The purpose is to comprehensively address the root causes of conflicts and violations of human rights, which were committed during such conflict (United Nations 2004), to effectively deal with the past and to create just and fair...
References
Ambos, K. (2011). Judicial creativity at the special tribunal for Lebanon: Is there a crime of terrorism under international law? Leiden Journal of International Law, 24(3), 655–675.
Bassiouni, C. (2012). Introduction to international criminal law. Leiden: Brill.
Chatham House. (2008). The Iraqi tribunal: The post-Saddam cases. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/Discussion%20Group%20Summary%20The%20Iraqi%20Tribunal.pdf
Cimiotta, E. (2015). The first steps of the extraordinary African chambers. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 13, 177–197.
Cimiotta, E. (2016). The specialist chambers and the specialist Prosecutor’s Office in Kosovo. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 14, 53–72.
Costi, A. (2006). Hybrid tribunals as a viable transitional justice mechanism to combat impunity in post-conflict situations. New Zealand Universities Law Review, 22, 213–239.
Dickinson, L. (2003). The promise of hybrid courts. American Journal of International Law, 97, 295–310.
Donlon, F. (2011). Hybrid tribunals. In W. Schabas & N. Bernaz (Eds.), Routledge handbook of international criminal law (pp. 85–101). New York: Routledge.
Hehir, A. (2019). Lessons learned? The Kosovo specialist chambers’ lack of local legitimacy and its implications. Human Rights Review, 20, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-019-00564-y.
Higonnet, E. (2006). Restructuring Hybrid Courts: Local Empowerment and National Criminal Justice Reform. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 23(2), 347–435.
Human Rights Committee. (2004). General Comment No. 31 [80]. https://www.refworld.org/docid/478b26ae2.html
Humphrey, M. (2011). The special tribunal for Lebanon: Emergency law, trauma and justice. Arab Studies Quarterly, 33(1), 4–22.
Jalloh, C. (2011). Special court for Sierra Leone: Achieving justice? Michigan Journal of International Law, 32, 395–460.
Kelsall, T. (2006). Politics, anti-politics, international justice: Language and power in the special court for Sierra Leone. Review of International Studies, 32(4), 587–602.
Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, A. (2015). What defines an international criminal court?: A critical assessment of “the involvement of the international community” as a deciding factor. Leiden Journal of International Law, 28, 113–131.
Kora, A. (2010). Transitional justice: A new discipline in human rights. https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/transitional-justice-new-discipline-human-rights-0
Leebaw, B. (2008). The irreconcilable goals of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 30, 95–118.
Linton, S. (2001). Cambodia, East Timor and Sierra Leone: Experiments in international justice. Criminal Law Forum, 12, 185–246.
Lüder, S. (2002). The legal nature of the international criminal court and the emergence of supranational elements in international criminal justice. International Review of the Red Cross, 84, 79–92.
McAuliffe, P. (2011). Hybrid tribunals at ten – How international criminal justice’s golden child became an orphan. Journal of International Law and International Relations, 7, 1–65.
Millar, G. (2014). Disaggregating hybridity: Why hybrid institutions do not produce predictable experiences of peace. Journal of Peace Research, 51(4), 501–514.
Muharremi, R. (2018). The concept of hybrid courts revisited: The case of the Kosovo specialist chambers. International Criminal Law Review, 18, 623–654.
Muharremi, R. (2019). The Kosovo specialist chambers from a political realism perspective. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 13, 290–309.
Nice, G. (2017). Justice for all and how to achieve it: Citizens, lawyers and the law in the age of human rights. London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers.
Nouwen, S. (2006). “Hybrid courts” – The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts. Utrecht Law Review, 2(2), 190–214.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2008). Maximizing the legacy of hybrid courts. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HybridCourts.pdf
Open Society Foundations. (2016). Performance and perception – The impact of the extraordinary chambers in the Court of Cambodia. https://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/performance-and-perception-impact-extraordinary-chambers-court-cambodia
Reiger, C. (2012). Hybrid and internationalized tribunals. In C. Giorgetti (Ed.), International litigation in practice – volume 4: Practice and jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals (pp. 283–320). Leiden: Brill, Martinus-Nijhoff.
Reiger, C., & Wierda, M. (2006). The serious crimes process in Timor-Leste: In retrospect. International Center for Transitional Justice. https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-TimorLeste-Criminal-Process-2006-English.pdf
Schabas, W. (2014). International criminal courts. In C. Romano, K. Alter, & C. Avgerou (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international adjudication (pp. 205–224). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scharf, M. (1995). The politics of establishing an international criminal court. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 6(1), 167–174.
Teitl, R. (2000). Transitional justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations. (2004). The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/527647/files/S_2004_616-EN.pdf
Williams, S. (2012). Hybrid and internationalized criminal tribunals – Selected jurisdictional issues. (Doctoral Thesis, Durham University). http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/38/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Muharremi, R. (2020). Hybrid Courts and Transitional Justice. In: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_35-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_35-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11795-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11795-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science and International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences