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Neuroprotective Xanthones and Their Biosynthesis in Shoot Cultures of Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke

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Book cover Plant Cell and Tissue Differentiation and Secondary Metabolites

Part of the book series: Reference Series in Phytochemistry ((RSP))

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Abstract

Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke, an annual medicinal herb belonging to Gentianaceae, is mostly found in South-Asian countries. The genus possesses a unique class of compounds called xanthones, which are known for their potential against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Three major xanthones were isolated and structurally confirmed as 1,5,7-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, and 1,3,5-trihydroxy-8-methoxyxanthone from the in vitro shoot cultures which showed potential inhibitions against acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase A, and monoamine oxidase B enzymes. Upon treatment with different elicitors, yeast extract (YE) was found to be most effective which led to a 20-fold increase of 1,3,5-trihydroxy-8-methoxy xanthone. YE treatment caused a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent increase in xanthone contents. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity remained suppressed and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase activity remained unaffected after elicitation. However, shikimate dehydrogenase and shikimate kinase activities increased after elicitation. This suggested phenylalanine-independent biosynthesis of xanthones. Subsequent treatment of shoots cultures with different inhibitors of superoxide radicals (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, and calcium channel was found to suppress accumulation of xanthones. Thus, calcium mediated generation of H2O2 followed by the activation of shikimate pathway enzymes is the key early step of xanthone biosynthesis in H. fastigiata.

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Abbreviations

4CL:

4-Coumarate CoA ligase

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase enzyme

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

BA:

6-benzylaminopurine

BPS:

Benzophenone synthase

Ca2+:

Calcium ion

DHLA:

Dihydrolipoic acid

DIECA:

Diethyldithiocarbamic acid

DPI:

Diphenylene iodide

EGTA:

Ethylene glycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl)

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FW:

Fresh weight

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

HPLC:

High pressure liquid chromatography

La:

Lanthanum chloride

MAO:

Monoamine oxidase enzyme

O2−:

Superoxide radical

PAL:

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SK:

Shikimate kinase

SKDH:

Shikimate dehydrogenase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

YE:

Yeast extract

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Utkarsh Ravindra Moon, Pritam Kumar Dey & Adinpunya Mitra

  2. Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi College of Science, Gadchandur, Maharashtra, India

    Utkarsh Ravindra Moon

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  1. Utkarsh Ravindra Moon
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  2. Pritam Kumar Dey
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  3. Adinpunya Mitra
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Correspondence to Adinpunya Mitra .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, M.L.Sukhadia university, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland

    Halina Maria Ekiert

  3. Amarillo, TX, USA

    Shaily Goyal

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Moon, U.R., Dey, P.K., Mitra, A. (2020). Neuroprotective Xanthones and Their Biosynthesis in Shoot Cultures of Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) C.B. Clarke. In: Ramawat, K., Ekiert, H., Goyal, S. (eds) Plant Cell and Tissue Differentiation and Secondary Metabolites. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11253-0_17-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11253-0_17-1

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