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Internal Combustion Engines, Developments in

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Abbreviations

BDC:

Bottom dead center

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

IC:

Internal combustion

LTC:

Low-temperature combustion

TDC:

Top dead center

Abbreviations

η c :

Combustion efficiency

η f :

Fuel conversion efficiency

η f,b :

Brake fuel conversion efficiency

η f,i,:

Indicated fuel conversion efficiency

η m :

Mechanical efficiency

η th :

Thermal efficiency

η th,Carnot :

Thermal efficiency of the ideal Carnot cycle

η th,Otto :

Thermal efficiency of the ideal heat engine Otto cycle

η v :

Volumetric efficiency

γ :

Ratio of specific heats

γ b :

Ratio of specific heats of the burned mixture

φ :

Fuel-air equivalence ratio. For φ <1 mixture is lean. For φ = 1, mixture is stoichiometric. For φ >1, mixture is rich. Note that φ is the inverse of the often-used air-fuel equivalence ratio or λ.

ρ a,i :

Inlet air density

τ :

Engine torque

BMEP:

Brake mean effective pressure

C p,b :

Constant pressure specific heat of the burned mixture

C v,b :

Constant volume specific heat of the burned mixture

f :

Residual fraction

f final :

Final calculated residual fraction

f final – 1 :

Previous iteration residual fraction to final calculated residual fraction

(F/A):

Fuel-air ratio

FMEP:

Friction mean effective pressure

h 1 :

Specific enthalpy at state 1

h 2 :

Specific enthalpy at state 2

h 3 :

Specific enthalpy at state 3

h 3a :

Specific enthalpy at state 3a

h 5 :

Specific enthalpy at state 5

h 6 :

Specific enthalpy at state 6

h e :

Specific enthalpy of exhaust mixture

h i :

Specific enthalpy of inlet mixture

IMEPg :

Gross indicated mean effective pressure

IMEPn :

Net indicated mean effective pressure

m :

Mass

m 1 :

Mass at state 1

m 2 :

Mass at state 2

m 3 :

Mass at state 3

m 4 :

Mass at state 4

m 6 :

Mass at state 6

m a :

Mass of air

m f :

Mass of fuel

m r :

Residual mass

m total :

Total mass

\( {\dot{\mathbf{m}}}_{\mathrm{a}} \) :

Mass flow rate of air

\( {\dot{\mathbf{m}}}_{\mathbf{f}} \) :

Mass flow rate of fuel

MEP:

Mean effective pressure

M b :

Molecular weight of the burned mixture

n R :

Number of revolutions per engine cycle

N :

Engine speed

\( \overline{\mathbf{R}} \) :

Universal gas constant

R :

Gas constant

R 5 :

Gas constant of mixture at state 5

R 6 :

Gas constant of mixture at state 6

R e :

Gas constant of exhaust mixture

P :

Cylinder pressure or power

P 1 :

Pressure at state 1

P 2 :

Pressure at state 2

P 3 :

Pressure at state 3

P 3a :

Pressure at state 3a

P 4 :

Pressure at state 4

P 5 :

Pressure at state 5

P 6 :

Pressure at state 6

P 7 :

Pressure at state 7

P b :

Brake power

P e :

Exhaust pressure

P i :

Inlet (initial) pressure

P in :

Net indicated power

P limit :

Limit pressure

PMEP:

Pumping mean effective pressure

1 Q 2 :

Heat transfer of process 1-2

6 Q 1 :

Heat transfer for process 6-1

Q HV :

Heating value of fuel

Q HV,f :

Heating value of fuel

Q HV,i :

Heating value of specie i

r c :

Compression ratio

s 1 :

Entropy at state 1

s 2 :

Entropy at state 2

s 3 :

Entropy at state 3

s 4 :

Entropy at state 4

s 5 :

Entropy at state 5

T 1 :

Temperature at state 1

T 4 :

Temperature at state 4

T 5 :

Temperature at state 5

T 6 :

Temperature at state 6

T cv,adiabatic :

Constant volume adiabatic flame temperature

T e :

Exhaust temperature

T H :

Temperature of a source reservoir

T i :

Inlet temperature

T L :

Temperature of a sink reservoir

T r :

Residual fraction temperature

u 1 :

Specific internal energy at state 1

u 2 :

Specific internal energy at state 2

u 3 :

Specific internal energy at state 3

u 3a :

Specific internal energy at state 3a

u 4 :

Specific internal energy at state 4

U 1 :

Internal energy at state 1

U 2 :

Internal energy at state 2

U 3 :

Internal energy at state 3

U 4 :

Internal energy at state 4

v 1 :

Specific volume at state 1

v 2 :

Specific volume at state 2

v 3 :

Specific volume at state 3

v 3a :

Specific volume at state 3a

v 4 :

Specific volume at state 4

V :

Cylinder volume

V 1 :

Volume at state 1

V 2 :

Volume at state 2

V 3 :

Volume at state 3

V 5 :

Volume at state 5

V 6 :

Volume at state 6

V d :

Displaced volume

V max :

Maximum cylinder volume

V min :

Minimum cylinder volume

W :

Thermodynamic work

1 W 2 :

Work for process 1-2

2 W 3 :

Work for process 2-3

3 W 4 :

Work for process 3-4

4 W 5 :

Work for process 4-5

5 W 6 :

Work for process 5-6

6 W 1 :

Work for process 6-1

W b :

Brake work

W f :

Friction work

W gross :

Gross work

W ig :

Gross indicated work

W in :

Net indicated work

W ip :

Pump work

W net :

Net work

x i :

Mole fraction of specie i

y i :

Mass fraction of specie i

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3123, USA

    Timothy J. Jacobs

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    Robert A. Meyers

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    Ripudaman Malhotra

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Jacobs, T.J. (2018). Internal Combustion Engines, Developments in. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_430-3

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