Skip to main content

Geothermal Conditioning: Critical Sources for Sustainability

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology
  • 134 Accesses

Glossary

Geothermal direct use :

Use of thermal energy in the earth or earth-coupled fluid as a heat source and heat-transfer reservoir for heating or cooling, without further conversion such as electric power generation

Geothermal heat pump :

A conditioning device that operates on a mechanical vapor compression refrigeration cycle and takes advantage of the earth’s thermal energy and heat capacity to transfer energy between a ground-coupled liquid and the refrigerant and between the refrigerant and interior conditioning air or fluid

Low-exergy system :

Heating and/or cooling system that provides energy at a temperature close to room temperature for efficient utilization of low-grade energy sources

Open loop system :

A system designed to use groundwater or surface water for the purpose of extracting or rejecting heat for building conditioning

Closed loop system :

A continuous, sealed, underground, or submerged heat exchanger through which a heat-transfer fluid passes to and returns...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  1. Lund J (2004) Geothermal direct use. In: Cleveland CJ, Ayres RU (eds) Encyclopedia of energy. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam/Boston

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ibid, p 863

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dickson MH, Fanelli M (2004) What is geothermal energy? www.geothermal-energy.org/files-31.html

  4. Aparicio Evelyn (2008) Urban surface water as energy source & collector. Delft University of Technology

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kaltshmitt M (2007) Basics of renewable energy supply. In: Streicher W, Wiese A (eds) Renewable energy. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 23–102. p 92

    Google Scholar 

  6. After Table 2.6 in Kaltshmitt M, Streicher W, Wiese A (2007) Basics of renewable energy supply. In: Renewable energy: technology, economics and environment Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 23–102

    Google Scholar 

  7. Clauser C (2009) Heat transport processes in the Earth’s crust. Surv Geophys 30(3):163–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Short N. Geology, weather and climate: a condensed primer. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect9/Sect9_4.html

  9. Oke TR (1987) Boundary layer climates, 2nd edn. Methuen, London, p 41

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kaltschmitt, p 98

    Google Scholar 

  11. Oke, p 41 and Kaltschmitt, p 98

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kavanaugh S, Rafferty K (1997) Ground source heat pumps: design of geothermal systems for commercial & institutional buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigerating And Air Conditioning, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kaltschmitt, Figure 2.57, p. 95, cited as Kaltschmitt M. Renewable energies: lessons, Institute for Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Summer Term 2006 and Winter Term 2006/2007

    Google Scholar 

  14. Clauser C (2006) Geothermal energy. In: Heinloth K (ed) Landolt-Börnstein, group VIII: advanced materials and technologies, Energy technologies, subvol. C: renewable energies, vol 3. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 493–604

    Google Scholar 

  15. Majorowicz J, Grasby S, Skinner W (2009) Estimation of shallow geothermal energy resource in Canada: heat gain and heat loss. Nat Resour Res 18(2):95–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Orkustofnun, the National Energy Authority of Iceland (2017). http://www.nea.is/media/utgafa/GD_loka.pdf

  17. Loftness V, FAIA, Hartkopf V, Dr Ing, Drhc. Largely developed from work in building systems integration. Department of Architecture, Center for Building Performance & Diagnostics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kaltschmitt, Figure 9.1, p 389, cited as Halozan H, Holzapfel K (1987) Heizen mit Wärmepumpen. TÜV Rheinland, Köln

    Google Scholar 

  19. Quaschning V (2010) Heat pumps – from cold to hot. In: Quaschning V (ed) Renewable energy and climate change. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 1st edition 2010, pp 223–236

    Google Scholar 

  20. Laue HJ (2006) Heat pumps. In: Heinloth K (ed) Advanced materials and technologies: energy technologies: renewable energy volume. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  21. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2002) Applied heat pump and heat recovery systems. In: ASHRAE handbook: HVAC systems and equipment, SI edn. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kavanaugh S, Rafferty K (1997) Heat pumps for ground source applications. In: Ground source heat pumps: design of geothermal systems for commercial & institutional buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  23. Harvey L, Danny D (2006) A handbook on low-energy buildings and district-energy systems: fundamentals, techniques and examples. Earthscan, London; In: North America, heat pump cooling efficiency is expressed as an Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), which is an instantaneous, steady-state ratio of heat removed to the rate of energy used, in BTU/hr per watt

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brandl H (2006) Energy foundations and other thermo-active ground structures. Geotechnique 56(2):81–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Nowak T (2009) Heat pumps are renewable–are they not? IEA Heat Pump Centre. http://www.heatpumpcentre.org/en/newsletter/previous/Sidor/default.aspx

  26. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2015) Geothermal energy. In: ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications, vol 34, IP edn. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, p 14

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kavanaugh S, Rafferty K (1997). Reprint of Figure 1.6, required design steps for GSHPs

    Google Scholar 

  28. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2007) Geothermal energy. In: ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications, SI edn. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, pp 32.4–32.5

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kavanaugh and Rafferty, 1997, p 22

    Google Scholar 

  30. Rafferty K (1998) Heat exchangers. In: Lund J, Lienau JP, Lunis B Geothermal direct use engineering and design guidebook, 3rd edn. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls

    Google Scholar 

  31. Clauser C (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (2010) Codes, standards and regulations in the Canadian geoexchange industry: report of a National Consultation Conducted by the Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (Summary), June 2010, p 11. http://www.geo-exchange.ca/en/UserAttachments/news433_Standards%20Consultation%20_%20Final%20Report_Public%20_2010_E.pdf

  33. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Geothermal energy, 32.13

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sanner DB (2007) Geothermal energy–opportunities for industry. In: EMEA environmental health and safety conference, Bruxelles, 13 June 2007. http://www.egec.org/target/bruxelles%20130607%20j&j.pdf

  35. Short N. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect9/Sect9_4.html

  36. Kwok AG, Grondzik WT (2007) The green studio handbook: environmental strategies for schematic design. Architectural Press, Oxford, pp 169–174

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pfafferott J, Walker-Hertkorn S, Sanner B (2007) Ground cooling: recent progress. In: Santamouris M (ed) Advances in passive cooling. Earthscan, London, pp 190–227

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lechner N (2009) Heating, cooling, lighting: sustainable design methods for architects, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken, p 292

    Google Scholar 

  39. Nagano K (2009) GSHP in Japan. In: IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, 27 no 1. http://www.heatpumpcentre.org/en/newsletter/previous/Documents/HPC-news_1_2009.htm

  40. Clauser, Figure 8.31

    Google Scholar 

  41. Peron H (2010) Geotechnical design of heat exchanger piles. In: GSHP association research seminar, current and future research into ground source energy. National Energy Centre, Milton Keynes. http://www.gshp.org.uk/documents/REsearchseminar2010/Herve%20Peron%20Geothechnical%20Design%20of%20Heat%20Ex.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  42. Baird N (2009) Center for building performance & diagnostics. School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University

    Google Scholar 

  43. Radial systems are mentioned in Kaltschmitt M (2007) Utilisation of ambient air and shallow geothermal energy. In: Kaltshmitt M, Streicher W, Wiese A (eds) Renewable energy: technology, economics and environment. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 385–436

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kaltschmitt, p 463

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kalschmitt, p 465

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kaltschmitt M (2007) Utilisation of geothermal energy. In: Kaltshmitt M, Streicher W, Wiese A (eds) Renewable energy: technology, economics and environment. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, p 465

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pfafferott (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Paksoy J, Snijders A, Stiles L (2009) Aquifer thermal energy cold storage system at Richard Stockton College. http://talon.stockton.edu/eyos/energy_studies/content/docs/effstock09/Session_6_3_ATES_Applications/57.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  49. Nagano K (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Drake Landing Solar Community http://www.dlsc.ca/

    Google Scholar 

  51. Driscoll, Fletcher G. Groundwater and wells, 2nd Sub edn. St. Paul: Johnson Filtration Systems Inc. 1986, p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  52. Baird N (2015) Future infrastructure: a critical evaluation of the environmental performance of district open loop geothermal heat pump systems. Doctoral dissertation, School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, USA

    Google Scholar 

  53. Baird N, Rhyner J (2015) Understanding hydrogeology and its impact on large-scale geothermal heat pump systems. National Ground Water Association, Westerville

    Google Scholar 

  54. Laue HJ (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Baird N (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Clauser, Figure 8.33

    Google Scholar 

  57. Baird N (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  58. NL EVD International (2005) China: cold rise (PESP01051), Publication 147970. http://www.evd.nl/cooperation/zoeken/showbouwsteen.asp?bstnum=147970&location=&highlight=

  59. Harvey LD, p 587

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rabtherm–Energy Systems AG. http://www.rabtherm.com/

  62. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  63. Baird N (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  65. Sanner B, Kabus F, Seibt P, Bartels J (2005) Underground thermal energy storage for the German parliament in Berlin, system concept and operational experience. In: World geothermal congress 2005, Antalya

    Google Scholar 

  66. Municipality Heerlen. http://www.heerlen.nl/Pub/Duurzaamheid/Projecten-Stadsplanning-Mijnwaterenergie.html

  67. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  68. Roijen E, Op ‘t Veld P, Demollin-Schneiders E (2007) The Minewaterproject Heerlen – low exergy heating and cooling in practice. PALENC AIVC Roijen. http://www.chri.nl/upload/art.%20minewaterproject.pdf

  69. Lund J, Boyd T (2016) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review. Geothermics 60:66–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. This table was generated using the Lund JW, Boyd TL (2015) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review (see [69]) and population data from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_island_countries_by_population

  71. Ibid

    Google Scholar 

  72. Björnsson S (2010), p 21

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ferguson G, Woodbury AD (2004) Subsurface heat flow in an urban environment. J Geophys Res 109:B02402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Banks D (2008) An introduction to thermogeology: ground source heating and cooling. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, p 296

    Book  Google Scholar 

Primary Literature: Books and Reviews

  • Carmody J, Sterling R (1983) Underground building design: commercial and institutional structures. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Clauser C (2009) Heat transport processes in the Earth’s crust. Surv Geophys 30(3):163–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givoni B (1998) Climate considerations in building and urban design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • ICE Virtual Library. Aquifer thermal energy storage: theoretical and operational analysis. 17 Apr 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • ICE Virtual Library. Use of energy piles in a residential building, and effects on ground temperature and heat pump efficiency. 17 Apr 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Lienau P (1998) Geothermal direct use engineering and design guidebook, 3rd edn. Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Cent, Klamath Falls

    Google Scholar 

  • Orio CD, Chlasson A, Johnson CN, Deng Z, Rees SJ, Spitler JD (2005) A survey of standing column well installations in North America. Trans Am Soc Heat Refrig Air-Cond Eng (ASHRAE) 111(2):109–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Powrie W, Preene M (2009) Ground energy systems: from analysis to geotechnical design. Géotechnique 59(3):261–271. 16 Apr 2011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X et al (2010) Active pipe-embedded structures in buildings for utilizing low-grade energy sources: a review. Energ Buildings 42(10):1567–1581

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nina J. Baird .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Baird, N.J. (2018). Geothermal Conditioning: Critical Sources for Sustainability. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_422-3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_422-3

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics