Definition of the Subject
Direct or nonelectric utilization of geothermal energy refers to the immediate use of the heat energy rather than to its conversion to some other forms such as electrical energy. The primary forms of direct use include heating swimming pools and baths and, for balneology (therapeutic use), space heating and cooling including district heating; agriculture (mainly greenhouse heating, crop drying, and some animal husbandry); aquaculture (mainly fishpond and raceway heating), providing heat for industrial processes; and heat pumps (for both heating and cooling). In general, the geothermal fluid temperatures required for direct heat use are lower than those for economic electric power generation, and as a result these resources are available in most countries.
Most direct use applications use geothermal fluids in the low-to-moderate-temperature range between 50 °C and 150 °C, and in general, the reservoir can be exploited by conventional water well drilling...
Abbreviations
- Agribusiness applications:
-
In the geothermal context, they are the heating of greenhouses and open ground for various crops, aquaculture pond and raceway heating for various aquatic species, and the heating of animal pens and houses in an effort to increase production and shorten the growing cycle.
- Balneology:
-
The science of healing qualities of baths, especially with natural mineral waters and the therapeutic use of natural warm or mineral winters.
- District heating:
-
Heating of more than one building from a central heating plant with the heated fluid provided through a central distribution system of pipes.
- Heat exchanger:
-
A device for transferring heat from one fluid to another. The fluids are usually separated by conducting walls of metal or plastic.
- Heat pump:
-
A device which, by the consumption of work or heat, effects the transport of heat between a lower-temperature and a higher-temperature source. The useful output is heat in conventional usage. The reverse process is called a refrigerator used for the removal of heat.
- Joule (J):
-
The SI unit for all forms of energy or work. It is equal to 1 W-s or 0.239 cal.
- Spa:
-
A resort using mineral water for bathing, soaking, and drinking along with covering portions of the body with mineral muds for therapeutic purposes. Diet, exercise, and rest can also be part of the spa treatment plan.
- Watt (W):
-
A unit of power or energy produced over time, equivalent to 1 J/s or 0.001341 horsepower (hp).
Bibliography
Primary Literature
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Lund JW (1996) Balneological use of thermal and mineral waters in the USA. Geothermics 25(1):103–148, Elsevier, UK
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Rafferty K (2003) Industrial process and the potential for geothermal applications. Geo-Heat Cent Q Bull 24(3):7–12
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Lund JW, Lienau PJ, Lunis BC (eds) (1998) Geothermal direct-use engineering and design guidebook. Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, p 470
Rafferty K, Keiffer S (2002) Thermal expansion in enclosed lineshaft pump columns. Geo-Heat Cent Q Bull 23(2):11–15
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Lund JW (complied by) (2005) Combined heat and power plant, Neustadt-Glewe, Germany. Geo-Heat Cent Q Bull 26(2):31–34
Lund, J. W., and Boyd, T. L., 2015. Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2015 Worldwide Review, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, April 20–25, 2015, 31 p.
Ragnarsson A (2015) Geothermal development in Iceland 2010–2014, Proceeding, World Geothermal Congress, 2015, International Geothermal Association, p 14
Books and Reviews
Cataldi R, Hodgson SF, Lund JW (eds) (1999) Stories from a heated earth – our geothermal heritage. International Geothermal Association and the Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, p 569
Kavanaugh SP, Rafferty K (1997) Ground-source heat pumps – design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, p 167
Lund JW (1996) Lectures on direct utilization of geothermal energy, United Nations University, Geothermal training program, report 1. Orkustofnun, Reykjavik, 123 p
Lund JW, Lienau PJ, Lunis BC (eds) (1998) Geothermal direct-use engineering and design guidebook. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, p 454
Websites
European Geothermal Energy Council, Belgium, www.geothermie.de/egec_geothernet/menu/frameset.htm
Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, http://geoheat.oit.edu
Geothermal Education Office, USA, http://geothermal.marin.org
IEA (International Energy Agency) Heat Pump Center, The Netherlands, www.heatpumpcentre.org
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, USA, http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu
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Lund, J.W. (2015). Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_305-3
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