Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology pp 1–19Cite as

Lodging Resistance in Cereals

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:

Glossary

Anchorage failure moment:

Anchorage failure at the point of failure. Also described as anchorage strength

Base bending moment:

wind-induced force acting on the base of the shoot or the anchorage system. Also described as leverage force

Brackling:

lodging resulting from buckling of the upper half of the stems

Crop management:

agronomic methods of growing crops

Failure wind speed:

Wind speed at which a plant will lodge

Hagberg falling number (HFN):

measure of bread-making quality

Lodging:

permanent displacement of cereal stems from their vertical position

Lodging-proof ideotype:

Plant dimensions required to achieve a lodging-return period of 25 years

Necking:

lodging resulting from buckling of the stem just below the ear

Plant growth regulators (PGRs):

chemical growth regulators which reduce the rate of stem extensions

Root lodging:

lodging resulting from failure of the anchorage system

Stem failure moment:

Stem strength at the point of failure. Also described as stem strength

...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Bibliography

  1. Conway G (1997) The doubly green revolution. Food for all in the 21st century. Cornell University Press, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  2. Flintham JE, Borner A, Worland AJ, Gale MD (1997) Optimizing wheat grain yield: effects of Rht (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes. J Agric Sci (Camb) 128:11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kertesz Z, Flintham JE, Gale MD (1991) Effects of Rht dwarfing genes on wheat grain yield and its components under eastern European conditions. Cereal Res Commun 19:297–304

    Google Scholar 

  4. Miralles DJ, Slafer GA (1995) Individual grain weight responses to genetic reductions in culm length in wheat as affected by source-sink manipulations. Field Crops Res. 43:55–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Allan RE (1986) Agronomic comparisons among wheat lines nearly isogenic for three reduced height genes. Crop Sci 26:707–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Baylan HS, Singh O (1994) Pleiotropic effects of GA-insensitive Rht genes on grain yield and its component characters in wheat. Cereal Res Commun 22:195–200

    Google Scholar 

  7. Richards RA (1992) The effect of dwarfing genes in spring wheat in dry environments. I. Agronomic characteristics. Aust J Agric Res 43:517–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Spink JH, Berry PM, Wade AP, White EL (2004) Minimising chlormequat residues in harvested grain, Home-grown cereals authority research project, no. 332. HGCA, London, 44 pp

    Google Scholar 

  9. Berry PM, Sterling M, Baker CJ, Spink JH, Sparkes DL (2003a) A calibrated model of wheat lodging compared with field measurements. Agric For Meteorol 119:167–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Berry PM, Sterling M, Spink JH, Baker CJ, Sylvester-Bradley R, Mooney S, Tams A, Ennos AR (2004) Understanding and reducing lodging in cereals. Adv Agron 84:215–269

    Google Scholar 

  11. Weibel RO, Pendleton JW (1964) Effect of artificial lodging on winter wheat grain yield and quality. Agron J 56:487–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Easson DL, White EM, Pickles SJ (1993) The effects of weather, seed rate and cultivar on lodging and yield in winter wheat. J Agric Sci (Camb) 121:145–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Stanca AM, Jenkins G, Hanson PR (1979) Varietal responses in spring barley to natural and artificial lodging and to a growth regulator. J Agric Sci (Camb) 93:449–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sisler WW, Olsen PJ (1951) A study of methods of influencing lodging in barley and the effect of lodging upon yield and certain quality characteristics. Sci Agric 31:177–186

    Google Scholar 

  15. Jedel PE, Helm JH (1991) Lodging effects on a semidwarf and two standard barley cultivars. Agron J 83:158–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Pendleton JW (1954) The effect of lodging on spring oat yields and test weights. Agron J 46:265–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Setter TL, Laureles EV, Mazaredo AM (1997) Lodging reduces the yield of rice by self-shading and reductions in canopy photosynthesis. Field Crops Res 49:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fischer RA, Stapper M (1987) Lodging effects on high yielding crops of irrigated semi-dwarf wheat. Field Crops Res. 17:245–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Stapper M, Fischer RA (1990) Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern new South Wales. II. Growth, yield and nitrogen use. Aust J Agric Res 41:1021–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Berry PM, Spink J (2012) Predicting yield losses caused by lodging in winter wheat. Field Crops Res 137:19–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Laude HH, Pauli AW (1956) Influence of lodging on yield and other characteristics in winter wheat. Agron J 48:452–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Day AD, Dickson AD (1958) Effect of artificial lodging on grain and malt quality of fall sown irrigated barley. Agron J 50:338–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mulder EG (1954) Effect of mineral nutrition on lodging in cereals. Plant Soil 5:246–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Berry PM, Spink JH, Griffin JM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Baker CJ, Scott RK, Clare RW (1998) Research to understand, predict and control factors affecting lodging in wheat, Home-grown cereals authority research project, no. 169. HGCA, London, 131pp

    Google Scholar 

  25. HGCA (1997) Cereal statistics 1997. Home Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  26. Neenan M, Spencer-Smith JL (1975) An analysis of the problem of lodging with particular reference to wheat and barley. J Agric Sci (Camb) 85:495–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. White EM (1991) Response of winter barley culivars to nitrogen and a plant growth regulator in relation to lodging. J Agric Sci (Camb) 116:191–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Crook MJ, Ennos AR (1993) The mechanics of root lodging in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L). J Exp Bot 44:1219–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Graham J (1983) Crop lodging in British wheats and barleys. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading

    Google Scholar 

  30. Baker CJ, Berry PM, Spink JH, Sylvester-Bradley R, Clare RW, Scott RK, Griffin JM (1998) A method for the assessment of the risk of wheat lodging. J Theor Biol 194:587–603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Berry PM, Sterling MS, Mooney SJ (2006) Development of a model of lodging for barley. J Agron Crop Sci 192:151–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sterling M, Baker CJ, Berry PM, Wade A (2003) An experimental investigation of the lodging of wheat. Agric For Meteorol 119:149–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Baker CJ (1995) The development of a theoretical model for the windthrow of plants. J Theor Biol 175:355–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ennos AR (1991) The mechanics of anchorage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) II. Anchorage of mature wheat against lodging. J Exp Bot 42:1607–1613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pinthus MJ (1967) Spread of the root system as indicator for evaluating lodging resistance of wheat. Crop Sci 7:107–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Easson DL, White EM, Pickles SJ (1992) A study of lodging in cereals, HGCA research project, no. 52. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  37. Baker CJ, Sterling M, Berry PM (2014) A generalised model of lodging. J Theor Biol 363:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.07.032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ellis FB, Christian DG, Graham JP, Jackson R, Wakel YT (1978) Long-term tillage experiments – agronomic results. In: Annual report for 1977. A.R.C. Letcombe Laboratory, Wantage

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schjonning P, Rasmussen KJ (2000) Soil strength and soil pore characteristics for direct drilled and ploughed soils. Soil Tillage Res 57:69–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Finney JR, Knight BAG (1973) The effect of soil physical conditions produced by various cultivation systems on the root development of winter wheat. J Agric Sci (Camb) 80:435–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wilson AJ, Robards AW (1977) Effects of mechanical impedance on root growth in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. J Exp Bot 28:1216–1227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Materechera SA, Dexter AR, Alston AM (1991) Penetration of very strong soils by seedling roots from different plant species. Plant Soil 135:31–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kopecky H (1970) The effect of compacting the soil on the formation of yield and on the quality of malting barley. Rostl Vyroba 16:309–319

    Google Scholar 

  44. Crook MJ, Ennos AR (1994) Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars. J Agric Sci (Camb) 123:167–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Berry PM, Spink JH, Sylvester-Bradley R, Pickett A, Sterling M, Baker C, Cameron N (2002) Lodging control through variety choice and management. In: Proceedings of the eighth home-grown cereals authority R&D conference on cereals and oilseeds. HGCA, London, pp 7.1–7.12

    Google Scholar 

  46. Tottman DR (1987) Decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Ann App Biol 110:683–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Peltonen J, Peltonen-Sainio P (1997) Breaking uniculm growth habit of spring cereals at high latitudes by crop management II: Tillering, grain yield and yield components. J Agron Crop Sci 2:87–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Green CF, Ivins JD (1985) Time of sowing and the yield of winter wheat. J Agric Sci (Camb) 104:235–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Fielder AF (1988) Interactions between variety and sowing date for winter wheat and winter barley, HGCA research project, no. 6. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  50. Berry PM, Griffin JM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Scott RK, Spink JH, Baker CJ, Clare RW (2000) Controlling plant form through husbandry to minimise lodging in wheat. Field Crops Res 67:59–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Spink JH, Foulkes MJ, Gay A, Bryson R, Berry PM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Semere T, Clare RW, Scott RK, Kettlewell PS, Russell G (2000a) Reducing winter wheat production costs through crop intelligence information on variety and sowing date, rotational position, and canopy management in relation to drought and disease control, HGCA research project, no. 235. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  52. Pinthus MJ (1973) Lodging in wheat, barley and oats: the phenomenon, its causes and preventative measures. Adv Agron 25:209–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lowe LB, Carter OG (1972) Response of four wheat cultivars to applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC). Aust J Exp Agr Anim Husb 12:75–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Webster JR, Jackson LF (1993) Management practices to reduce lodging and maximise grain yield and protein content of fall-sown irrigated hard red spring wheat. Field Crops Res. 33:240–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Spink JH, Whaley JM, Semere T, Wade AP, Sparkes DL, Foulkes MJ (2000b) Prediction of optimum plant population in winter wheat, HGCA research project, no. 234. Home Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kirby EJM (1967) The effect of plant density upon the growth and yield of barley. J Agric Sci (Camb) 68:317–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Easson DL, Pickles SJ, White EM (1995) A study of the tensile strength required to pull wheat roots from soil. Ann Appl Biol 127:363–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Berry PM (1998) Predicting lodging in winter wheat. Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham

    Google Scholar 

  59. Whaley JH, Sparkes DL, Foulkes MJ, Spink JH, Semere T, Scott RK (2000) The physiological response of winter wheat to reductions in plant density. Ann Appl Biol 137:165–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Kasperbauer MJ, Karlen DL (1986) Light-mediated bioregulation of tillering and biosynthate partitioning in wheat. Physiol Planta 66:159–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kirby EJM (1993) Effect of sowing depth on seedling emergence, growth and development in barley and wheat. Field Crops Res 35:101–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Berry PM (2008) Effects of seed treatments on wheat lodging. In: Proceedings of the crop protection in Northern Britain conference, Dundee

    Google Scholar 

  63. Montfort F, Klepper BL, Smiley RW (1996) Effects of two triazole seed treatments, triticonazole and triadimenol, on growth and development of wheat. Pestic Sci 46:315–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Scott PR, Hollins TW (1974) Effects of eyespot on the yield of winter wheat. Ann Appl Biol 78:269–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Bremner PM (1969) Effects of time and rate of nitrogen application on tillering, ‘sharp eyespot’ (Rhizoctonia solani) and yield in winter wheat. J Agric Sci (Camb) 72:273–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Pandey DS, Kumar D, Misra RD, Prakash A, Gupta VK (1997) An integrated approach of irrigation and fertilizer management to reduce lodging in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian J Agron 42:86–89

    Google Scholar 

  67. Widdowson FV (1962) Applying fertiliser for spring barley. Ann Appl Biol 50:356–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Chalmers AG, Dyer CJ, Sylvester-Bradley R (1998) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of winter oats. J Agric Sci (Camb) 131:395–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Miller FL, Anderson L (1963) Relationship in winter wheat between lodging physical properties of stems and fertilizer treatments. Crop Sci 3:468–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Crook MJ, Ennos AR (1995) The effect of nitrogen and growth regulators on stem and root characteristics associated with lodging in two cultivars of winter wheat. J Exp Bot 46:931–938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gaspar PE, Reeves DL, Schumacher TE, Fixen PE (1994) Oat cultivar response to potassium chloride on soils testing high in potassium. Agron J 86:255–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Garthwaite DG, Thomas MR, Heyward E, Battersby A (2006) Arable crops in great Britain 2006, Pesticide usage survey report, 213. Department for the Environment Food and Rural Affairs, London

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rademacher W (2000) Growth retardents: effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51:501–531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rademacher W (1993) PGRs- present situation and outlook. Acta Hort 329:296–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Humphries EC (1968) CCC and cereals. Field Crop Abstr 21:91–99

    Google Scholar 

  76. Matthews S, Thompson WJ (1983) New roles for growth regulators in cereal production. In: Wright DW (ed) The yield of cereals. Royal Agricultural Society of England, London, pp 25–31

    Google Scholar 

  77. Herbert CD (1982) Growth regulation in cereals- chance or design? In: McLaren JS (ed) Chemical manipulation of crop growth and development. Butterworth Scientific, London, pp 315–327

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  78. Berry PM, Spink JH, Gay AP, Craigon J (2003b) A comparison of root and stem lodging risks among winter wheat cultivars. J Agric Sci (Camb) 141:191–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Gooding MJ, Davies WP (1997) Wheat production and utilization: systems, quality and environment. CAB International, Wallingford, 355 pp

    Google Scholar 

  80. Valentine J, Cowan S, Howarth C, Langdon T (2003) One hundred years of progress in cereal breeding from Mendel to molecular selection – oats. In: Faccioli P, Marè C, Stanca AM (eds) Proceedings of the EUCARPIA cereal section meeting. From biodiversity to genomics: breeding strategies for small grain cereals in the third millennium, Salsomaggiore, pp21–25

    Google Scholar 

  81. Brown PD, McKenzie RIH, Mikaelson K (1980) Agronomic, genetic and cytologic evaluation of a rigorous new semi-dwarf oat. Crop Sci 20:303–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Milach SCK, Rines HW, Philipps RL (2002) Plant height components and gibberelic acid response for oat dwarf lines. Crop Sci 42:1147–1154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Valentine J, Jones DM, Jones JE, Griffiths TER, Middleton B (1997) Genetic improvement in oats with specific reference to winter-hardiness and lodging resistance of winter oats and improvement of naked oats, HGCA research project, no 145. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  84. Thomas WTB, Powell W, Swanston JS (1991) The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 4. The gpert and denso loci and quality characters. Heredity 66:381–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Berry PM, Kendall S, Rutterford Z, Orford S, Griffiths S (2014) Historical analysis of the effects of breeding on the height of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and consequences for lodging. Euphytica 203:375–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Berry PM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Berry S (2007) Ideotype design for lodging-proof wheat. Euphytica 154:165–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Pinera-Chavez FJ, Berry PM, Foulkes MJ, Jesson MA, Reynolds MP (2016) Avoiding lodging in irrigated spring wheat I. Stem and root structural requirements. Field Crops Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.06.009

  88. Spink JH, Berry PM, Fenwick R, Gay AP (2003) To establish separate standing power ratings for stem and root lodging in the UK recommended lists for wheat, HGCA research project, no. 305. Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pinera-Chavez FJ, Berry PM, Foulkes MJ, Molero G, Reynolds MP (2016) Avoiding lodging in irrigated spring wheat. II. Genetic variation of stem and root structural properties. Field Crops Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.06.007

  90. Berry PM, Berry S (2015) Understanding the genetic control of lodging-associated plant characters in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Euphytica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1387-2

  91. Dunn GJ, Briggs KG (1989) Variation in culm anatomy among barley cultivars differing in lodging resistance. Can J Bot 67:1838–1843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Jezowski S (1981) Variation, correlation and heritability of characters determining lodging of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Analysis of relationship between lodging grade and some morphological characters of spring barley varieties. Genet Pol 22:45–61

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tandon JP, Jain KB, Singh SB (1973) Relationships between lodging resistance and some morphological characteristics in barley. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 33:347–354

    Google Scholar 

  94. Keller M, Karutz C, Schmid JE, Stamp P, Winzler M, Keller B, Messner MM (1999) Quantitative trait loci for lodging resistance in a segregating wheat x spelt population. Theor Appl Genet 98:1171–1182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kendall S, Piñera-Chávez FJ, Berry PM (2014). Methods for rapidly measuring lodging traits in wheat. In: 4th international workshop of the wheat yield consortium, 24–25th Mar 2014, CENEB CIMMYT, Cd. Obregon, Sonora, pp 122–126

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Crop Management, ADAS UK Ltd, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK

    P. M. Berry

Authors
  1. P. M. Berry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. M. Berry .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ramtech Ltd., Larkspur, California, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and AGROTECNIO, (Center for Research in Agrotechnology), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain

    Roxana Savin

  2. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain

    Gustavo Slafer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Berry, P.M. (2018). Lodging Resistance in Cereals. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_228-3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_228-3

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation