Definition
The immune systems of HIV-infected patients show evidence of exhaustion. Immune exhaustion occurs at three different levels: (i) functional, (ii) clonal, and (iii) systemic. Firstly, HIV-specific cells present functional alterations, largely related to the overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors, upregulated as a result of chronic antigenic stimulation. Secondly, persistently activated HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell clones are driven towards a state of replicative senescence, resulting in the loss of cytotoxic T-cell populations important for the control of viral replication. Lastly, HIV-1-infected individuals are characterized by declining lymphocyte renewal capacities or lymphopoiesis, observed at the level of hematopoietic progenitors and reminiscent of old age. Thus, immune exhaustion in chronic HIV infection is multifaceted and affects the immune response in a number of ways, all of which are likely to contribute towards disease progression.
Introduction: Chronic Immune...
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Appay, V., Lissina, A., Sauce, D. (2014). HIV-Associated Immune Exhaustion. In: Hope, T., Stevenson, M., Richman, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of AIDS. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_186-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_186-1
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