Definition
According to UNAIDS, globally 35.0 million people were living with HIV at the end of 2013. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most severely affected, accounting for 71 % of the people living with HIV-1 worldwide. The number of people newly infected or who died from AIDS-related causes declined worldwide. Despite genuine, although unequal and fragile, successes in prevention programs attributed to strengthening and scaling up prevention strategies and antiretroviral treatment, the development of a preventive HIV-1 vaccine as part of a comprehensive prevention package remains among the best hopes for controlling the HIV-1 pandemic. By inducing appropriate immune responses directed against a specific pathogen, vaccines remain the most powerful public health tool to prevent infectious diseases. They may either prevent infection by the pathogen or the development of the disease due to this pathogen.
Goals of an HIV-1 Vaccine
The most promising approach to lead an HIV-1 vaccine to...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Barouch DH, Liu J, Li H, et al. Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys. Nature. 2012;482:89–93.
Bonsignori M, Pollara J, Moody MA, et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies from an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial target multiple epitopes and preferentially use the VH1 gene family. J Virol. 2012;86:11521–32.
Buchbinder SP, Mehrotra DV, Duerr A, et al. Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the step study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1881–93.
de Souza MS, Ratto-Kim S, Chuenarom W, et al. The Thai phase III trial (RV144) vaccine regimen induces T cell responses that preferentially target epitopes within the V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. J Immunol. 2012;188:5166–76.
Haase AT. Targeting early infection to prevent HIV-1 mucosal transmission. Nature. 2010;464:217–23.
Hansen SG, Vieville C, Whizin N, et al. Effector memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. Nat Med. 2009;15:293–9.
Haynes BF, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, et al. Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1275–86.
Montefiori DC, Karnasuta C, Huang Y, et al. Magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response in the RV144 and Vax003 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:431–41.
Nutt SL, Tarlinton DM. Germinal center B and follicular helper T cells: siblings, cousins or just good friends? Nat Immunol. 2011;131:472–7.
Pitisuttithum P, Gilbert P, Gurwith M, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of a bivalent recombinant glycoprotein 120 HIV-1 vaccine among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1661–71.
Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1615–7.
Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1–12.
Rerks-Ngarm S, Paris RM, Chunsutthiwat S, et al. Extended evaluation of the virologic, immunologic, and clinical course of volunteers who acquired HIV-1 infection in a phase III vaccine trial of ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX(R) B/E. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1195–205.
Robb ML, Rerks-Ngarm S, Nitayaphan S, et al. Risk behaviour and time as covariates for efficacy of the HIV vaccine regimen ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and AIDSVAX B/E: a post-hoc analysis of the Thai phase 3 efficacy trial RV 144. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:531–7.
Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Larsen BB, et al. Increased HIV-1 vaccine efficacy against viruses with genetic signatures in Env V2. Nature. 2012;490:417–20.
Walker BD, Ahmed R, Plotkin S. Moving ahead an HIV vaccine: use both arms to beat HIV. Nat Med. 2011;17:1194–5.
Zak DE, Andersen-Nissen E, Peterson ER, et al. Merck Ad5/HIV induces broad innate immune activation that predicts CD8+ T-cell responses but is attenuated by preexisting Ad5 immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:E3503–12.
Disclaimer
The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent the positions of the U.S. Army or the Department of Defense.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Excler, JL., Robb, M.L., Kim, J.H., Michael, N.L. (2014). Preventing HIV-1 Transmission Through Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses. In: Hope, T., Stevenson, M., Richman, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of AIDS. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_141-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_141-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9610-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine