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HIV-1 Transmission: Influence of Bodily Secretions

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of AIDS

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Definition

HIV-1 transmission via sexual intercourse or mother to child transmission (MTCT) requires the passage of virus across a mucosal barrier. The exceptions are exposure via direct injection of virus into the bloodstream through either the administration of contaminated blood or blood products or intravenous drug use (IVDU) with needle sharing. In all transmission cases, a distinctive group of viruses are transmitted and which exclusively utilize, in conjunction with CD4, the CCR5 chemokine receptor for entry (R5 viruses). In some individuals, the virus will evolve to utilize the CXCR4 chemokine receptor (R5/X4 and X4 variants) during disease course and where the switch has been associated with increased viral loads, accelerated CD4 declines, and faster rates of disease progression. Understanding what restricts the preferential transmission of R5 viruses and which host factors contribute to the R5 to X4 switch is poorly understood and remains one of the major questions to be...

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References

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L697BE, UK

    Georgios Pollakis & William A. Paxton

Authors
  1. Georgios Pollakis
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  2. William A. Paxton
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to William A. Paxton .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Thomas J. Hope

  2. Office of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

    Mario Stevenson

  3. University of California, San Diego Dept. Pathology, La Jolla, California, USA

    Douglas Richman

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Pollakis, G., Paxton, W.A. (2014). HIV-1 Transmission: Influence of Bodily Secretions. In: Hope, T., Stevenson, M., Richman, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of AIDS. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_136-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_136-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9610-6

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