Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurovascular Imaging pp 233–292Cite as

Imaging of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

  • 3184 Accesses

Abstract

The focus of this chapter is to provide an overview of the most commonly encountered etiologies of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH). Specifically, the goal is to review the differential diagnosis of nontraumatic hemorrhage based on clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and location of hemorrhage. In addition to reviewing the various potential causes of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, this chapter will provide a review of the variable appearance of hemorrhage on CT and MR. An emphasis will be placed on identification and anticipation of the potential complications of acute intracranial hemorrhage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Khosravani H, Mayer SA, Demchuk A, Jahromi BS, Gladstone DJ, Flaherty M, Aviv RI (2013) Emergency noninvasive angiography for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 34(8):1481–1487. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Broderick JP, Adams HP, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, Zuccarello M (1999) Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 30(4):905–915. doi:10.1161/01.STR.30.4.905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Fischbein NJ, Wijman CAC (2010) Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 20(4):469–492. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2010.07.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, Sahlas DJ, Gladstone DJ, Tomlinson G, Symons SP (2007) CT angiography “spot sign” predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 38(4):1257–1262. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000259633.59404.f3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rønning P, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P, Russell D, Helseth E (2008) Aspects of intracerebral hematomas – an update. Acta Neurol Scand 118(6):347–361. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01023.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Huisman TAGM (2005) Intracranial hemorrhage: ultrasound, CT and MRI findings. Eur Radiol 15(3):434–440. doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2615-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gomori JM, Grossman RI (1988) Mechanisms responsible for the MR appearance and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiographics 8(3):427–440. doi:10.1148/radiographics.8.3.3380989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barkovich AJ, Atlas SW (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiol Clin North Am 26(4):801–820

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Silvera S, Oppenheim C, Touzé E, Ducreux D, Page P, Domigo V, Meder J-F (2005) Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma on diffusion-weighted images: influence of T2-shine-through and T2-blackout effects. Am J Neuroradiol 26(2):236–241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM (2011) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly. Ann Neurol 70(6):871–880. doi:10.1002/ana.22516

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chao CP, Kotsenas AL, Broderick DF (2006) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: CT and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 26(5):1517–1531. doi:10.1148/rg.265055090

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Haacke EM, DelProposto ZS, Chaturvedi S, Sehgal V, Tenzer M, Neelavalli J, Kido D (2007) Imaging cerebral amyloid angiopathy with susceptibility-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 28(2):316–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang J, Gong X (2011) Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: MR findings with susceptibility-weighted imaging. Clin Imaging 35(3):217–221. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2010.06.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schrag M, McAuley G, Pomakian J, Jiffry A, Tung S, Mueller C, Kirsch WM (2010) Correlation of hypointensities in susceptibility-weighted images to tissue histology in dementia patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a postmortem MRI study. Acta Neuropathol 119(3):291–302. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0615-z

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Thomas B, Shroff MM, Haacke EM (2009) Principles, techniques, and applications of T2*-based MR imaging and its special applications. Radiographics 29(5):1433–1449. doi:10.1148/rg.295095034

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Goos JDC, van der Flier WM, Knol DL, Pouwels PJW, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Wattjes MP (2011) Clinical relevance of improved microbleed detection by susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 42(7):1894–1900. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.599837

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Haacke EM, Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, Cheng Y-CN (2008) Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. Am J Neuroradiol 30(1):19–30. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1400

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, Haacke EM (2008) Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. Am J Neuroradiol 30(2):232–252. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Barnes SRS, Haacke EM (2009) Susceptibility-weighted imaging: clinical angiographic applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 17(1):47–61. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2008.12.002

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schweser F, Deistung A, Lehr BW, Reichenbach JR (2010) Differentiation between diamagnetic and paramagnetic cerebral lesions based on magnetic susceptibility mapping. Med Phys 37(10):5165. doi:10.1118/1.3481505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Noguchi K, Seto H, Kamisaki Y, Tomizawa G, Toyoshima S, Watanabe N (2000) Comparison of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging with CT in a simulated model of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 21(5):923–927

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Papke K, Kuhl CK, Fruth M, Haupt C, Schlunz-Hendann M, Sauner D, Brassel F (2007) Intracranial aneurysms: role of multidetector CT angiography in diagnosis and endovascular therapy planning. Radiology 244(2):532–540. doi:10.1148/radiol.2442060394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. McKinney AM, Palmer CS, Truwit CL, Karagulle A, Teksam M (2008) Detection of aneurysms by 64-section multidetector CT angiography in patients acutely suspected of having an intracranial aneurysm and comparison with digital subtraction and 3D rotational angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 29(3):594–602. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yoon DY, Lim KJ, Choi CS, Cho BM, Oh SM, Chang SK (2007) Detection and characterization of intracranial aneurysms with 16-channel multidetector row CT angiography: a prospective comparison of volume-rendered images and digital subtraction angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 28(1):60–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Villablanca JP, Duckwiler GR, Jahan R, Tateshima S, Martin NA, Frazee J, Vinuela FV (2013) Natural history of asymptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms evaluated at CT angiography: growth and rupture incidence and correlation with epidemiologic risk factors. Radiology 269(1):258–265. doi:10.1148/radiol.13121188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wermer MJH, van der Schaaf IC, Algra A, Rinkel GJE (2007) Risk of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in relation to patient and aneurysm characteristics: an updated meta-analysis. Stroke 38(4):1404–1410. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000260955.51401.cd

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators (2003) Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet 362(9378):103–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wiebers DO, Piepgras DG, Meyer FB, Kallmes DF, Meissner I, Atkinson JL, Brown RD Jr (2004) Pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. In: Mayo clinic proceedings, vol 79. Elsevier, pp 1572–1583. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619611618685

  29. Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Barrow DL, Bederson J, Brown RD, Connolly ES, Macdonald RL (2014) Multidisciplinary consensus on assessment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: proposal of an international research group. Stroke 45(5):1523–1530. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.004519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mullan S, Mojtahedi S, Johnson DL, Macdonald RL (1996) Embryological basis of some aspects of cerebral vascular fistulas and malformations. J Neurosurg 85(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gandhi D, Chen J, Pearl M, Huang J, Gemmete JJ, Kathuria S (2012) Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: classification, imaging findings, and treatment. Am J Neuroradiol 33(6):1007–1013. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sliker CW (2008) Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: imaging with multidetector CT angiography. Radiographics 28(6):1689–1708. doi:10.1148/rg.286085521

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wilson CB (1992) Cryptic vascular malformations. Clin Neurosurg 38:49–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. De Souza JM, Domingues RC, Cruz LCH, Domingues FS, Iasbeck T, Gasparetto EL (2008) Susceptibility-weighted imaging for the evaluation of patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations: a comparison with T2-weighted fast spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences. Am J Neuroradiol 29(1):154–158. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Perrini P, Lanzino G (2006) The association of venous developmental anomalies and cavernous malformations: pathophysiological, diagnostic, and surgical considerations. Neurosurg Focus 21(1):e5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Takasugi M, Fujii S, Shinohara Y, Kaminou T, Watanabe T, Ogawa T (2013) Parenchymal hypointense foci associated with developmental venous anomalies: evaluation by phase-sensitive MR imaging at 3T. Am J Neuroradiol 34(10):1940–1944. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Smith SD, Eskey CJ (2011) Hemorrhagic stroke. Radiol Clin North Am 49(1):27–45. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2010.07.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hom J, Dankbaar JW, Soares BP, Schneider T, Cheng S-C, Bredno J, Wintermark M (2010) Blood–brain barrier permeability assessed by perfusion CT predicts symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and malignant edema in acute ischemic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2244

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jain AR, Jain M, Kanthala AR, Damania D, Stead LG, Wang HZ, Jahromi BS (2013) Association of CT perfusion parameters with hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 34(10):1895–1900. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Warach S (2004) Evidence of reperfusion injury, exacerbated by thrombolytic therapy, in human focal brain ischemia using a novel imaging marker of early blood–brain barrier disruption. Stroke 35(11_Suppl_1):2659–2661. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000144051.32131.09

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Dávalos A, Guidetti D, Machnig T (2008) Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 359(13):1317–1329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ozsvath RR, Casey SO, Lustrin ES, Alberico RA, Hassankhani A, Patel M (1997) Cerebral venography: comparison of CT and MR projection venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169(6):1699–1707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1987) Hemorrhagic intracranial malignant neoplasms: spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 164(1):71–77. doi:10.1148/radiology.164.1.3588929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Koike S, Aida N, Hata M, Fujita K, Ozawa Y, Inoue T (2004) Asymptomatic radiation-induced telangiectasia in children after cranial irradiation: frequency, latency, and dose relation. Radiology 230(1):93–99. doi:10.1148/radiol.2301021143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rabin BM, Meyer JR, Berlin JW, Marymount MH, Palka PS, Russell EJ (1996) Radiation-induced changes in the central nervous system and head and neck. Radiographics 16(5):1055–1072. doi:10.1148/radiographics.16.5.8888390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jain R, Robertson PL, Gandhi D, Gujar SK, Muraszko KM, Gebarski S (2005) Radiation-induced cavernomas of the brain. Am J Neuroradiol 26(5):1158–1162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Blitstein MK, Tung GA (2007) MRI of cerebral microhemorrhages. Am J Roentgenol 189(3):720–725. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.2249

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA

    Stephen Quinet & Patrick Turski

Authors
  1. Stephen Quinet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patrick Turski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen Quinet .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, AOU of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy

    Luca Saba

  2. Neurointerventional Radiology Section, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Eytan Raz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Quinet, S., Turski, P. (2016). Imaging of Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage. In: Saba, L., Raz, E. (eds) Neurovascular Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_47

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_47

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9028-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9029-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation