Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Pediatric Vascular Malformations

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Neurovascular Imaging

  • 3090 Accesses

Abstract

The appropriate classification and understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular malformations, both within and outside the central nervous system, is of the utmost importance in the diagnosis and treatment of these entities. This is critical, both in determining the appropriate types of treatment for given lesions and in determining which lesions may require no treatment at all. Similarly, understanding of the pathology of a given entity informs the goals of therapy. As highlighted in this chapter, many of these malformations may have protean clinical and radiologic presentations. As such, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of vascular malformations is important. Multidisciplinary medicine is at its core, reliant on precise and clear communication, and thus precise utilization of terminology of greater importance. The multidisciplinary approach to management, as well as the rarity of many of these malformations and operator-dependent risk of therapy, makes most vascular malformations ideal candidates for therapy at specialized, large-volume institutions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J (1982) Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 69(3):412–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kollipara R, Odhav A, Rentas KE, Rivard DC, Lowe LH, Dinneen L (2013) Vascular anomalies in pediatric patients: updated classification, imaging, and therapy. Radiol Clin North Am 51(4):659–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dubois J, Garel L (1999) Imaging and therapeutic approach of hemangiomas and vascular malformations in the pediatric age group. Pediatr Radiol 29(12):879–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M, Watkins H, Seidman J, Olsen BR et al (1994) Assignment of a locus for dominantly inherited venous malformations to chromosome 9p. Hum Mol Genet 3(9):1583–1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Uebelhoer M, Natynki M, Kangas J, Mendola A, Nguyen HL, Soblet J et al (2013) Venous malformation-causative TIE2 mutations mediate an AKT-dependent decrease in PDGFB. Hum Mol Genet 22(17):3438–3448

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee BB, Baumgartner I, Berlien P, Bianchini G, Burrows P, Gloviczki P et al (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP): updated 2013. Int Angiol: J Int Union Angiol 123:206–212

    Google Scholar 

  7. Konez O, Burrows PE (2002) Magnetic resonance of vascular anomalies. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 10(2):363–388, vii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kang GC, Song C (2008) Forty-one cervicofacial vascular anomalies and their surgical treatment–retrospection and review. Ann Acad Med Singapore 37(3):165–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Choi DJ, Alomari AI, Chaudry G, Orbach DB (2009) Neurointerventional management of low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 19(2):199–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Puig S, Casati B, Staudenherz A, Paya K (2005) Vascular low-flow malformations in children: current concepts for classification, diagnosis and therapy. Eur J Radiol 53(1):35–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Burrows PE, Mason KP (2004) Percutaneous treatment of low flow vascular malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15(5):431–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H, Takeuchi M, Soejima K, Kono T (2008) Prospective randomized efficacy of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided liquid sclerotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic venous malformations. J Vasc Surg 47(3):578–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ch’ng S, Tan ST (2008) Facial port-wine stains – clinical stratification and risks of neuro-ocular involvement. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(8):889–893

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Perkins JA, Manning SC, Tempero RM, Cunningham MJ, Edmonds JL Jr, Hoffer FA et al (2010) Lymphatic malformations: review of current treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 142(6):795–803, e1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bisdorff A, Mulliken JB, Carrico J, Robertson RL, Burrows PE (2007) Intracranial vascular anomalies in patients with periorbital lymphatic and lymphaticovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28(2):335–341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Smith MC, Zimmerman MB, Burke DK, Bauman NM, Sato Y, Smith RJ et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of OK-432 immunotherapy of lymphatic malformations. Laryngoscope 119(1):107–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dubois J, Garel L, Abela A, Laberge L, Yazbeck S (1997) Lymphangiomas in children: percutaneous sclerotherapy with an alcoholic solution of zein. Radiology 204(3):651–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Alomari AI, Karian VE, Lord DJ, Padua HM, Burrows PE (2006) Percutaneous sclerotherapy for lymphatic malformations: a retrospective analysis of patient-evaluated improvement. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17(10):1639–1648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim SW, Kavanagh K, Orbach DB, Alomari AI, Mulliken JB, Rahbar R (2011) Long-term outcome of radiofrequency ablation for intraoral microcystic lymphatic malformation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137(12):1247–1250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu AS, Mulliken JB, Zurakowski D, Fishman SJ, Greene AK (2010) Extracranial arteriovenous malformations: natural progression and recurrence after treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 125(4):1185–1194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Revencu N, Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Enjolras O, Cordisco MR, Burrows PE et al (2008) Parkes Weber syndrome, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, and other fast-flow vascular anomalies are caused by RASA1 mutations. Hum Mutat 29(7):959–965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tan WH, Baris HN, Burrows PE, Robson CD, Alomari AI, Mulliken JB et al (2007) The spectrum of vascular anomalies in patients with PTEN mutations: implications for diagnosis and management. J Med Genet 44(9):594–602

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gemmete JJ, Pandey AS, Kasten SJ, Chaudhary N (2013) Endovascular methods for the treatment of vascular anomalies. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 23(4):703–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee BB, Baumgartner I, Berlien HP, Bianchini G, Burrows P, Do YS et al (2013) Consensus document of the International Union of Angiology (IUA)-2013. Current concept on the management of arterio-venous management. Int Angiol 32(1):9–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kalani MY, Albuquerque FC, Fiorella D, McDougall CG (2013) Endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 23(4):605–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu JK, Bisdorff A, Gelbert F, Enjolras O, Burrows PE, Mulliken JB (2005) Auricular arteriovenous malformation: evaluation, management, and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg 115(4):985–995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Persky MS, Yoo HJ, Berenstein A (2003) Management of vascular malformations of the mandible and maxilla. Laryngoscope 113(11):1885–1892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. San Millan Ruiz D, Gailloud P (2010) Cerebral developmental venous anomalies. Childs Nerv Syst 26(10):1395–1406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rivera PP, Willinsky RA, Porter PJ (2003) Intracranial cavernous malformations. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 13(1):27–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lasjaunias P, Burrows P, Planet C (1986) Developmental venous anomalies (DVA): the so-called venous angioma. Neurosurg Rev 9(3):233–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Maeder P, Gudinchet F, Meuli R, de Tribolet N (1998) Development of a cavernous malformation of the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(6):1141–1143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Radvany MG, Rigamonti D, Gailloud P (2014) Angiographic detection of cerebral cavernous malformations with C-arm cone beam CT imaging in three patients. J Neurointerv Surg 6(2):e17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pollock BE, Garces YI, Stafford SL, Foote RL, Schomberg PJ, Link MJ (2000) Stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 93(6):987–991

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gross BA, Puri AS, Popp AJ, Du R (2013) Cerebral capillary telangiectasias: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 36(2):187–193, discussion 94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lee RR, Becher MW, Benson ML, Rigamonti D (1997) Brain capillary telangiectasia: MR imaging appearance and clinicohistopathologic findings. Radiology 205(3):797–805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ellis MJ, Armstrong D, Vachhrajani S, Kulkarni AV, Dirks PB, Drake JM et al (2013) Angioarchitectural features associated with hemorrhagic presentation in pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurointerv Surg 5(3):191–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, Moquete E, Moy CS, Overbey JR et al (2014) Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet 383(9917):614–621

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Krings T, Geibprasert S, Terbrugge K (2010) Classification and endovascular management of pediatric cerebral vascular malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 21(3):463–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bhattacharya JJ, Luo CB, Suh DC, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Lasjaunias P (2001) Wyburn-Mason or Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc as Cerebrofacial Arteriovenous Metameric Syndromes (CAMS). A new concept and a new classification. Interv Neuroradiol 7(1):5–17

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Krings T, Geibprasert S, Luo CB, Bhattacharya JJ, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P (2007) Segmental neurovascular syndromes in children. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 17(2):245–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Raybaud CA, Strother CM, Hald JK (1989) Aneurysms of the vein of Galen: embryonic considerations and anatomical features relating to the pathogenesis of the malformation. Neuroradiology 31(2):109–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lasjaunias P (2007) Vascular diseases in neonates, infants and children: interventional neuroradiology management, 2nd edn

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mortazavi MM, Griessenauer CJ, Foreman P, Bavarsad Shahripour R, Shoja MM, Rozzelle CJ et al (2013) Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations: critical analysis of the literature with proposal of a new classification system. J Neurosurg Pediatr 12(3):293–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chevret L, Durand P, Alvarez H, Lambert V, Caeymax L, Rodesch G et al (2002) Severe cardiac failure in newborns with VGAM. Prognosis significance of hemodynamic parameters in neonates presenting with severe heart failure owing to vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation. Intensive Care Med 28(8):1126–1130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Berenstein A, Fifi JT, Niimi Y, Presti S, Ortiz R, Ghatan S et al (2012) Vein of Galen malformations in neonates: new management paradigms for improving outcomes. Neurosurgery 70(5):1207–1213, discussion 13–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Spetzler RF, Detwiler PW, Riina HA, Porter RW (2002) Modified classification of spinal cord vascular lesions. J Neurosurg 96(2 Suppl):145–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Patsalides A, Knopman J, Santillan A, Tsiouris AJ, Riina H, Gobin YP (2011) Endovascular treatment of spinal arteriovenous lesions: beyond the dural fistula. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32(5):798–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim LJ, Spetzler RF (2006) Classification and surgical management of spinal arteriovenous lesions: arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 59(5 Suppl 3):S195–S201, discussion S3–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Krings T, Geibprasert S (2009) Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(4):639–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Silva N Jr, Januel AC, Tall P, Cognard C (2007) Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas associated with progressive myelopathy. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg Spine 6(6):552–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurointerventional Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Sachin K. Pandey

  2. Neurointerventional Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Darren B. Orbach

Authors
  1. Sachin K. Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Darren B. Orbach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sachin K. Pandey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, AOU of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy

    Luca Saba

  2. Neurointerventional Radiology Section, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Eytan Raz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Pandey, S.K., Orbach, D.B. (2016). Pediatric Vascular Malformations. In: Saba, L., Raz, E. (eds) Neurovascular Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9028-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9029-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation