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Neurovascular Imaging pp 953–979Cite as

The Role of Diagnostic Imaging Techniques for Detection of Extracranial Venous System Abnormalities Associated with Central Nervous System Disorders

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Abstract

The extracranial venous system is complex and variable. In the last decade, it has been repeatedly shown that the presence and severity of jugular vein reflux is associated with a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, cough headache, primary exertional headache, and more recently Alzheimer’s disease and aging. A newly proposed vascular condition, named chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has triggered recently intense interest in better understanding the role of extracranial venous abnormalities and their developmental variants. Their relationship to intracranial CNS pathology, especially in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), is poorly understood at this time. So far there is no established invasive or noninvasive diagnostic imaging modality that can serve as a “gold standard” for the detection of these venous abnormalities/developmental variants. The use of noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques such as Doppler sonography (DS) remains controversial; however, consensus guidelines and standardized protocols are emerging. The use of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and phase-contrast imaging is gaining an increasing interest as an alternative noninvasive diagnostic approach. Further, catheter venography (CV) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) are becoming important diagnostic tools for confirming the presence and severity of extracranial venous pathology. Most likely, a multimodal imaging approach will ultimately be the most comprehensive means for screening, diagnostic, as well as monitoring purposes. Further research is needed to determine the spectrum and prevalence of these extracranial venous abnormalities/developmental variants and to compare the imaging findings with pathological examinations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St, 14203, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Kresimir Dolic & Robert Zivadinov

  2. Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Clinical Hospital Center Split, University of Split, Spinciceva 1, 21210, Split, Croatia

    Kresimir Dolic

  3. MRI Clinical Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Robert Zivadinov

Authors
  1. Kresimir Dolic
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  2. Robert Zivadinov
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Correspondence to Kresimir Dolic .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, AOU of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy

    Luca Saba

  2. Neurointerventional Radiology Section, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Eytan Raz

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Dolic, K., Zivadinov, R. (2016). The Role of Diagnostic Imaging Techniques for Detection of Extracranial Venous System Abnormalities Associated with Central Nervous System Disorders. In: Saba, L., Raz, E. (eds) Neurovascular Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_12

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