Abstract
Knowledge and identification of multiple anastomotic connections between the external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery branches are paramount for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases of the brain, head, neck, and spine. In this chapter, common extracranial–intracranial anastomoses of the ophthalmic artery, internal carotid artery, and of the posterior circulation that are critical for the proceduralist to recognize in order to avoid complications during embolization procedures or open surgery are reviewed. Finally, the role of noninvasive imaging in the evaluation of the collateral circulation and cerebrovascular reserve in clinical conditions associated with arterial occlusive disease is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AP:
-
Anteroposterior
- CRA:
-
Central retinal artery
- ECA:
-
External carotid artery
- ICA:
-
Internal carotid artery
- MMA:
-
Middle meningeal artery
- OA:
-
Ophthalmic artery
References
Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A, ter Brugge K (2001) Surgical neuroangiography: 1 clinical vascular anatomy and variations. Springer, Berlin
Sade B, Tampieri D, Mohr G (2004) Ophthalmic artery originating from basilar artery: a rare variant. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1730–1731
Watanabe A, Hirano K, Ishii R (1996) Dural caroticocavernous fistula with both ophthalmic arteries arising from middle meningeal arteries. Neuroradiology 38:806–808
Uchino A, Saito N, Takahashi M, Kozawa E, Mizukoshi W, Nakajima R, Okano N (2013) Persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery and ophthalmic artery arising from the middle meningeal artery diagnosed by MR angiography at 3 T. Surg Radiol Anat 35:775–782
Perrini P, Cardia A, Fraser K, Lanzino G (2007) A microsurgical study of the anatomy and course of the ophthalmic artery and its possibly dangerous anastomoses. J Neurosurg 106:142–150
Schurr PH (1951) Angiography of the normal ophthalmic artery and choroidal plexus of the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 35:473–478
Hayashi N, Kubo M, Tsuboi Y, Nishimura S, Nishijima M, Ahmed Abdel-Aal M, Endo S (2007) Impact of anomalous origin of the ophthalmic artery from the middle meningeal artery on selection of surgical approach to skull base meningioma. Surg Neurol 68:568–572
Plas B, Bonneville F, Dupuy M, Sol JC, Chaynes P (2013) Bilateral ophthalmic origin of the middle meningeal artery. Neurochirurgie 59:183–186
Royle G, Motson R (1973) An anomalous origin of the middle meningeal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36:874–876
Trivelatto F, Nakiri GS, Manisor M, Riva R, Al-Khawaldeh M, Kessler I, Mounayer C (2011) Preoperative onyx embolization of meningiomas fed by the ophthalmic artery: a case series. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1762–1766
Hayreh SS (2006) Orbital vascular anatomy. Eye (Lond) 20:1130–1144
Willems PW, Farb RI, Agid R (2009) Endovascular treatment of epistaxis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1637–1645
Handa J, Waga S, Handa H (1971) Dural-cortical arterial anastomosis as a collateral channel in carotid occlusive disease. Clin Radiol 22:302–307
Meguro T, Muraoka K, Terada K, Hirotsune N, Nishino S (2011) Recanalisation of the internal carotid artery via the vasa vasorum after coil occlusion. Br J Radiol 84:e23–e26
Gupta A, Chazen JL, Hartman M, Delgado D, Anumula N, Shao H, Mazumdar M, Segal AZ, Kamel H, Leifer D, Sanelli PC (2012) Cerebrovascular reserve and stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 43:2884–2891
Konstas AA, Goldmakher GV, Lee TY, Lev MH (2009) Theoretic basis and technical implementations of CT perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, part 1: theoretic basis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:662–668
van Laar PJ, van der Grond J, Mali WP, Hendrikse J (2006) Magnetic resonance evaluation of the cerebral circulation in obstructive arterial disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:297–306
Donahue J, Sumer S, Wintermark M (2014) Assessment of collateral flow in patients with cerebrovascular disorders. J Neuroradiol 41:234–242
van Laar PJ, van der Grond J, Bremmer JP, Klijn CJ, Hendrikse J (2008) Assessment of the contribution of the external carotid artery to brain perfusion in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 39:3003–3008
Ozgur HT, Kent Walsh T, Masaryk A, Seeger JF, Williams W, Krupinski E, Melgar M, Labadie E (2001) Correlation of cerebrovascular reserve as measured by acetazolamide-challenged SPECT with angiographic flow patterns and intra- or extracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:928–936
Vagal AS, Leach JL, Fernandez-Ulloa M, Zuccarello M (2009) The acetazolamide challenge: techniques and applications in the evaluation of chronic cerebral ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:876–884
Bokkers RP, van Laar PJ, van de Ven KC, Kapelle LJ, Klijn CJ, Hendrikse J (2008) Arterial spin-labeling MR imaging measurements of timing parameters in patients with a carotid artery occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1698–1703
Dang Y, Wu B, Sun Y, Mo D, Wang X, Zhang J, Fang J (2012) Quantitative assessment of external carotid artery territory supply with modified vessel-encoded arterial spin-labeling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:1380–1386
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Mokin, M., Siddiqui, A.H. (2016). ICA–ECA Collaterals. In: Saba, L., Raz, E. (eds) Neurovascular Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9029-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9028-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9029-6
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine