Abstract
Miraculous improvement in hand function can be achieved by microsurgical toe-to-hand transfers, either for children who have sustained severe trauma resulting in amputations of their thumb or fingers or for children with congenital absent digits, due to symbrachydactyly, congenital constriction ring syndrome, or transverse and longitudinal deficiencies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blauth W. The hypoplastic thumb. Arch Orthop Unfallchir. 1967;62:225–46.
Blauth W, Gekeler J. Morphology and classification of symbrachydactylia. Handchirurgie. 1971;3:123–8.
Bradbury ET, Kay SPJ, Hewison J. The psychological impact of microvascular free toe transfer for children and their parents. J Hand Surg Br. 1994;19:689–95.
Brown EE, Chang WT, Jones NF. Temporary arteriovenous loop between the saphenous vein and first plantar metatarsal artery in toe-to-hand transfers. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31:1543–5.
Buck-Gramcko D. Pollicization of the index finger: method and results in aplasia and hypoplasia of the thumb. J Bone Joint Surg. 1971;53A:1605–17.
Buck-Gramcko D, Pereira JA. Proximal toe phalanx transplantation for bony stabilization and lengthening of partially aplastic digits. Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1990;9:107–18.
Buncke HJ, Buncke CM, Schultz WP. Immediate Nicoladoni procedure in the Rhesus monkey, or hallux-to-hand transplantation, utilizing microminiature vascular anastomoses. Br J Plast Surg. 1966;19:332–7.
Buncke HJ, McLean DH, Geroge PT, Creech BJ, Chater NL, Commons GW. Thumb replacement: great toe transplantation by microvascular anastomosis. Br J Plast Surg. 1973;26:194–201.
Carlsen B, Jones NF. Radical resection of a massive venous malformation of the thumb and immediate reconstruction with a microsurgical toe transfer. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32:1587–91.
Carroll RE, Green DP. Proceedings of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57:727.
Cavallo AV, Smith PJ, Morley S, Morsi AW. Non-vascularized free toe phalanx transfers in congenital hand deformities–the Great Ormond Street experience. J Hand Surg Br. 2003;28:520–7.
Chang J, Jones NF. Simultaneous toe-to-hand transfer and lower extremity amputations for severe upper and lower limb defects: the use of spare parts. J Hand Surg Br. 2002a;27:219–23.
Chang J, Jones NF. Radiographic analysis of growth in pediatric microsurgical toe-to-hand transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002b;109:576–82.
Cobbett JR. Free digital transfer: report of a case of transfer of a great toe to replace an amputated thumb. J Bone Joint Surg. 1969;51B:677–9.
Coskunfirat OK, Wei FC, Lin CH, Chen HC, Lin YT. Simultaneous double second toe transfer for reconstruction of adjacent fingers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1064–9.
Dhalla R, Strecker W, Manske PR. A comparison of two techniques for digital distraction lengthening in skeletally immature patients. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26:603–10.
Eaton CJ, Lister GD. Toe transfer for congenital hand defects. Microsurgery. 1991;12:186–95.
Entin MA. Reconstruction of congenital abnormalities of the upper extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41:681–701.
Foucher G, Medina J, Navarro R, Nagel D. Toe transfer in congenital hand malformations. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17:1–7.
Gilbert A. Toe transfers for congenital hand defects. J Hand Surg Am. 1982;7:118–24.
Gilbert A. Reconstruction of congenital hand defects with microvascular toe transfers. Hand Clin. 1985;1:351–60.
Gohla T, Metz C, Lanz U. Non-vascularized free toe phalanx transplantation in the treatment of symbrachydactyly and constriction ring syndrome. J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30:446–51.
Goldberg NH, Watson HK. Composite toe (phalanx and epiphysis) transfers in the reconstruction of the aphalangic hand. J Hand Surg Am. 1982;7:454–9.
Greenberg B, May J. Great toe-to-hand transfer: role of the preoperative lateral angiogram of foot. J Hand Surg Am. 1988;13:411–4.
Harashina T, Inoue T, Fujino T, Uchinishi K, Itoh Y. Reconstruction of a floating thumb with an excess big toe. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1994;10:11–5.
Hülsbergen-Krüger S, Preisser P, Partecke BD. Ilizarov distraction-lengthening in congenital anomalies of the upper limb. J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23:192–5.
Jones NF. Nonvascularized toe phalangeal bone grafts for congenital anomalies of the hand. J Am Soc Surg Hand. 2004;4:27–34.
Jones NF, Gupta R. Postoperative monitoring of pediatric toe-to-hand transfers with differential pulse oximetry. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26:525–9.
Jones NF, Kaplan J. A new documentation system for congenital absent digits. Hand. 2012;7:391–9.
Jones NF, Kaplan J. Indications for microsurgical reconstruction of congenital hand anomalies by toe-to-hand transfers. Hand. 2013;8:367–74.
Jones NF, Hansen SL, Bates SJ. Toe-to-hand transfers for congenital anomalies of the hand. Hand Clin. 2007;23:129–36.
Kay S, McGuiness C. Microsurgical reconstruction in abnormalities of children’s hands. Hand Clin. 1999;15:563–83.
Kay SP, Wiberg M. Toe to hand transfer in children. Part 1: technical aspects. J Hand Surg Br. 1996;21:723–34.
Kay SP, Wiberg M, Bellew M, Webb F. Toe to hand transfer in children. Part 2: functional and psychological aspects. J Hand Surg Br. 1996;21:735–45.
Kessler I, Baruch A, Hecht O. Experience with distraction lengthening of digital rays in congenital anomalies. J Hand Surg Am. 1977;2:394–401.
Koman LA, Weiland A, Moore JR. Toe-to-hand transfer based on the medial plantar artery. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10:561–6.
Lister G. Microsurgical transfer of the second toe for congenital deficiency of the thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82:658–65.
Manske PR, McCarroll HR. Index finger pollicization for a congenitally absent or nonfunctioning thumb. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10:606–13.
Manske PR, McCarroll HR, James M. Type III-A hypoplastic thumb. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:246–53.
Matev IB. Thumb reconstruction after amputation at the metacarpophalangeal joint by bone lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg. 1970;52A:957–65.
Matsuno T, Ishida O, Sunagawa T, Ichikawa M, Ikuta Y, Ochi M. Bone lengthening for congenital differences of the hands and digits in children. J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29:712–9.
May J, Smith RJ, Peimer C. Toe-to-hand free tissue transfer for thumb construction with multiple digit aplasia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;67:205–13.
Meals RA, Lesavoy MA. Hallux-to-hand transfer during ankle disarticulation for multiple limb anomalies. JAMA. 1983;249:72–3.
Miyawaki T, Masuzawa G, Hirakawa M, Kurihara K. Bone-lengthening for symbrachydactyly of the hand with the technique of callus distraction. J Bone Joint Surg. 2002;84A:986–91.
Morrison WA, O’Brien BM, MacLeod AM. Thumb reconstruction with a free neurovascular wrap-around flap from the big toe. J Hand Surg Am. 1980;5:575–83.
Nyarady J, Szekeres P, Vilmos Z. Toe-to-thumb transfer in congenital grade III thumb hypoplasia. J Hand Surg Am. 1983;8:898–901.
O’Brien BMC. Simultaneous double toe transfer for severely disabled hands. Hand. 1978;10:232–40.
O’Brien BM, Black MJ, Morrison WA, Macleod AM. Microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb. Hand. 1978;10:113–24.
Ogino T, Kato H, Ishii S, Usui M. Digital lengthening in congenital hand deformities. J Hand Surg Br. 1994;19:120–9.
Pensler JM, Carroll NC, Cheng LF. Distraction osteogenesis in the hand. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:92–5.
Radocha RF, Netscher D, Kleinert HE. Toe phalangeal grafts in congenital hand anomalies. J Hand Surg. 1993;18A:833–41.
Richardson PWF, Johnstone BR, Coombs CJ. Toe-to-hand transfer in symbrachydactyly. Hand Surg. 2004;9:11–8.
Seitz WH, Froimson AI. Callotasis lengthening in the upper extremity: indications, techniques, and pitfalls. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16:932–9.
Seitz WH, Shimko P, Patterson RW. Long-term results of callus distraction-lengthening in the hand and upper extremity for traumatic and congenital skeletal deficiencies. J Bone Joint Surg. 2010;92A:47–58.
Shvedovchenko IV. Toe-to-hand transfers in children. Ann Plast Surg. 1993;31:251–4.
Spokevicius S, Radzevicius D. Late toe-to-hand transfer for the reconstruction of congenital defects of the long fingers. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1997;31:345–50.
Swanson AB. A classification for congenital limb malformations. J Hand Surg Am. 1976;1:8–22.
Tu YK, Yeh WL, Sananpanich K, Ueng SWN, Chou YC, Ma CH, Lee ZL. Microsurgical second toe-metatarsal bone transfer for reconstructing congenital radial deficiency with hypoplastic thumb. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004;20:215–25.
Unglaub F, Lanz U, Hahn P. Outcome analysis, including patient and parental satisfaction, regarding nonvascularized free toe phalanx transfer in congenital hand deformities. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56:87–92.
Upton J, Mutimer KL. A modification of the great toe transfer for thumb reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr Surg 1988;82:535–8.
Van Holder C, Giele H, Gilbert A. Double second toe transfer in congenital hand anomalies. J Hand Surg. 1999;24B:471–5.
Vilkki SK. Grip reconstruction with toe to antebrachial stump transfer. In: Landi A, editor. Reconstruction of the thumb. London: Chapman and Hall Medical; 1989. p. 233–41.
Vilkki SK. Advances in microsurgical reconstruction of the congenitally adactylous hand. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;314:45–58.
Villen G, Julve G. The arterial system of the first intermetatarsal space and its influence in toe-to-hand transfer: a report of 53 long-pedicle transfers. J Hand Surg Br. 2002;27:73–7.
Wei FC, Mardini S. Revaluation of the technique of toe-to-hand transfer for traumatic digital amputations in children and adolescents. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:1870–4.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff MS. Reconstruction of the thumb with a trimmed-toe transfer technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82:506–15.
Wei FC, Colony LH, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Nordhoff MS. Combined second and third toe transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84:651–61.
Wei FC, Silverman R, Hsu WM. Retrograde dissection of the vascular pedicle in toe harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:1211–4.
Wei FC, El-Gammal TA, Chen HC, Chuang DCC, Chiang YC, Chen SHT. Toe-to-hand transfer for traumatic digital amputations in children and adolescents. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997a;100:605–9.
Wei FC, El-Gammal T, Lin CH, Chuang CC, Chen HC, Chen S. Metacarpal hand: classification and guidelines for microsurgical reconstruction with toe transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997b;99:122–8.
Wei FC, Lutz B, Cheng SL, Chuang CC. Reconstruction of bilateral metacarpal hands with multiple-toe transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1698–704.
Yang DY. Thumb reconstruction by free second toe transplantation. Report of 40 cases. Ch J Surg. 1977;15:13.
Yoshimura M. Toe-to-hand transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:74–84.
Yoshimura M. Toe-to-hand transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73:851–2.
Yu ZJ, Huang YC, Yu S, Sui SP. Thumb reconstruction in a bilateral upper extremity amputee: an alternative to the Krukenberg procedure. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24:194–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Jones, N.F. (2015). Toe-to-Hand Transfers in Children. In: Abzug, J., Kozin, S., Zlotolow, D. (eds) The Pediatric Upper Extremity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8515-5_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8515-5_22
Received:
Accepted:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8513-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8515-5
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine