Definition
The intermittent control hypothesis proposes that centrally integrated sensorimotor control systems cannot be described by continuous feedback but rather by a sequence of open loop trajectories determined by intermittent feedback (Fig. 1). The times at which feedback occurs, and at which the trajectories are adjusted, can in principle be at regular intervals or determined by events. The latter is termed event-driven control, and events can occur when measured states or predicted state errors exceed a threshold. The purpose of intermittent control is to provide time within the feedback loop for computation using current measured states to inform the next iteration of open loop predictive control. By comparison with continuous control, intermittent control gains adaptability at the expense of bandwidth.
Intermittent control. Sensorimotor control of sustained tasks is a process of closed loop feedback in which a controller uses sensory output to control muscle...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bhushan N, Shadmehr R (1999) Computational nature of human adaptive control during learning of reaching movements in force fields. Biol Cybern 81(1):39–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050543
Boca M, Ray N, Kobylecki C, Evans J, Loram I, Silverdale M (2019) A novel intermittent control paradigm to investigate oscillatory neuronal activity in the stn. Mov Disord 34:1198
Bottaro A, Casadio M, Morasso PG, Sanguineti V (2005. ISSN 0167-9457) Body sway during quiet standing: is it the residual chattering of an intermittent stabilization process? Hum Mov Sci 24(4):588–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2005.07.006
Craik KJ (1947) Theory of human operators in control systems: part 1, the operator as an engineering system. Br J Psychol 38:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1947.tb01141.x
Dux PE, Ivanoff J, Asplund CL, Marois R (2006. ISSN 0896-6273) Isolation of a central bottleneck of information processing with time-resolved fMRI. Neuron 52(6):1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.009
Gawthrop PJ, Wang L (2009) Event-driven intermittent control. Int J Control 82(12):2235–2248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207170902978115. Published online 09 July 2009
Gawthrop P, Loram I, Lakie M, Gollee H (2011) Intermittent control: a computational theory of human control. Biol Cybern 104(1–2):31–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-010-0416-4. Published online: 17th Feb 2011
Gawthrop P, Lee K-Y, Halaki M, O’Dwyer N (2013) Human stick balancing: an intermittent control explanation. Biolog Cybern 107(6):637–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-013-0564-4. ISSN 0340–1200. Published online: 13th Aug 2013
Gawthrop P, Loram I, Gollee H, Lakie M (2014) Intermittent control models of human standing: similarities and differences. Biolog Cybern 108(2):159–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-014-0587-5. ISSN 0340–1200. Published online 6th Feb 2014
Gawthrop P, Gollee H, Loram I (2015) Intermittent control in man and machine. In: Miskowicz M (ed) Event-based control and signal processing, embedded systems, chapter 14, pp 281–350. CRC Press, Nov 2015. ISBN 978–1–4822-5655-0. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19013-16. Available at arXiv: 1407.3543
Gollee H, Mamma A, Loram ID, Gawthrop PJ (2012) Frequency-domain identification of the human controller. Biolog Cybern 106:359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-012-0503-9. ISSN 0340–1200. Published online: 14 July 2012
Gollee H, Gawthrop PJ, Lakie M, Loram ID (2017. ISSN 1469-7793) Visuo-manual tracking: does intermittent control with aperiodic sampling explain linear power and non-linear remnant without sensorimotor noise? J Physiol 595(21):6751–6770. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP274288
Kleinman D (1969) Optimal control of linear systems with time-delay and observation noise. IEEE Trans Autom Control 14(5):524–527. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1969.1099242
Kleinman DL, Baron S, Levison WH (1970) An optimal control model of human response part I: theory and validation. Automatica 6:357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(70)90051-8
Loram ID, van de Kamp C, Gollee H, Gawthrop PJ (2012) Identification of intermittent control in man and machine. J R Soc Interface 9(74):2070–2084. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0142. Published on-line 4 Apr 2012
Loram ID, van de Kamp C, Lakie M, Gollee H, Gawthrop PJ (2014) Does the motor system need intermittent control? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 42(3):117–125. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000018. Published online 9 May 2014
Miall RC, Weir DJ, Stein JF (1986. ISSN 0166-4328) Manual tracking of visual targets by trained monkeys. Behav Brain Res 20(2):185–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90003-3
Miall RC, Weir DJ, Stein JF (1993) Intermittency in human manual tracking tasks. J Motor Behav 25:5363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1993.9941639
Navas F, Stark L (1968) Sampling or intermittency in hand control system dynamics. Biophys J 8(2):252–302
Neilson PD, Neilson MD, O’Dwyer NJ (1988) Internal models and intermittency: a theoretical account of human tracking behaviour. Biol Cybern 58:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364156
Pashler H, Johnston JC (1998) Attentional limitations in dual-task performance. In: Pashler H (ed) Attention. Psychology Press, Erlbaum, pp 155–189
Perera T, Tan JL, Cole MH, Yohanandan SAC, Silberstein P, Cook R, Peppard R, Aziz T, Coyne T, Brown P, Silburn PA, Thevathasan W (2018) Balance control systems in Parkinsons disease and the impact of pedunculopontine area stimulation. Brain 141(10):3009–3022. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy216. ISSN 0006–8950
Ronco E, Arsan T, Gawthrop PJ (1999) Open-loop intermittent feedback control: practical continuous-time GPC. IEEE Proc Part D Control Theory Appl 146(5):426–434. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-cta:%2019990504
van de Kamp C, Gawthrop P, Gollee H, Lakie M, Loram ID (2013a. ISSN 1662-5188) Interfacing sensory input with motor output: does the control architecture converge to a serial process along a single channel? Front Comput Neurosci 7(55). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2013.00055
van de Kamp C, Gawthrop PJ, Gollee H, Loram ID (2013b) Refractoriness in sustained visuo-manual control: Is the refractory duration intrinsic or does it depend on external system properties? PLoS Comput Biol 9(1):e1002843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.l002843
Vince MA (1948) The intermittency of control movements and the psychological refractory period. Br J Psychol 38:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1948.tb01150.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gawthrop, P., Gollee, H., Lakie, M., Loram, I.D. (2020). Intermittent Control of Movement and Balance. In: Jaeger, D., Jung, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_100701-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_100701-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7320-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7320-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences