Definition
A surrogacy arrangement is one in which, before the child is conceived, the commissioning parent/s (also known as intended parent/s) and the surrogate mother (also known as gestational carrier, or birth mother) and her partner (if she has one) agree that the surrogate will become pregnant with the intention that the child will, at birth, be given into the care of the commissioning parent/s to raise as their own.
Description
Common reasons for surrogacy include absence of the uterus (such as hysterectomy for women or men without a female partner), congenital malformation of the uterus, or a medical condition that compromises pregnancy making it unsafe for the commissioning woman (intended mother) or her prospective baby....
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References and Further Reading
Carone, N., Lingiardi, V., Chirumbolo, A., & Baiocco, R. (2018). Italian gay father families formed by surrogacy: Parenting, stigmatization, and children’s psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 54(10), 1904–1916.
Crockin, S. L. (2013). Growing families in a shrinking world: Legal and ethical challenges in cross-border surrogacy. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 27(6), 733–741.
Fuchs, E. L., & Berenson, A. B. (2016). Screening of gestational carriers in the United States. Fertility and Sterility, 106(6), 1496–1502.
Greenfeld, D. A. (2014). Use of gestational carriers: Psychological aspects. In J. M. Goldfarb (Ed.), Third party reproduction: A comprehensive guide (pp. 79–83). New York: Springer.
Hammarberg, K., Johnson, L., & Petrillo, T. (2011). Gamete and embryo donation and surrogacy in Australia: The social context and regulatory framework. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 4(4), 176–183.
Ilioiv, E., Blake, L., Jadva, V., Roman, G., & Golombok, S. (2017). The role of age of disclosure of biological origins in the psychological wellbeing of adolescents conceived by reproductive donation: A longitudinal study from age 1 to age 14. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(3), 315–324.
Jadva, V. (2016). Surrogacy: Issues, concerns and complexities. In S. Golombok, R. Scott, J. B. Appleby, M. Richards, & S. Wilkinson (Eds.), Regulating reproductive donation (pp. 126–139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Klock, S. C., & Covington, S. N. (2015). Results of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 among gestational surrogacy candidates. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 130, 257–260.
Lamba, N., Jadva, V., Kadam, K., & Golombok, S. (2018). The psychological well-being and prenatal bonding of gestational surrogates. Human Reproduction, 33(4), 646–653.
Norton, W., Crawshaw, M., Hudson, N., Culley, L., & Law, C. (2015). A survey of UK fertility clinics’ approach to surrogacy arrangements. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 31, 327–338.
Söderström-Anttila, V., Wennerholm, U.-B., Loft, A., Pinborg, A., Aittomäki, K., Bente Romundstad, L., & Bergh, C. (2016). Surrogacy: Outcomes for surrogate mothers, children and the resulting families – A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 22(2), 260–276.
Van den Akker, O. B. (2007). Psychosocial aspects of surrogate motherhood. Human Reproduction Update, 13(1), 53–62.
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Montrone, M., Sherman, K.A. (2019). Surrogacy. In: Gellman, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_101979-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_101979-1
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