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Definition
Autism is a lifelong disorder characterized by core problems in social communication and the presence of stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. However, the manifestation of these problems can change over time. In many cases, the severity of autistic symptoms decreases with age; in others, difficulties may become more evident as individuals grow older. In adolescence and adulthood, many individuals also develop additional mental health problems, particularly related to anxiety and depression.
The course of development is highly variable and often very difficult to predict. The most positive outcomes tend to be for individuals who develop useful speech in childhood and have an IQ in the normal range (i.e., 70+). Nevertheless, even among this group, some individuals remain highly dependent as adults. A good outcome also depends on the adequacy of intervention and support available during child- and adulthood.
References and Reading
Howlin, P. (2014). Outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders. In F. Volkmar, S. J. Rogers, R. Paul, & K. Pelphrey (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (4th ed., pp. 97–116). Hoboken: Wiley.
Howlin, P., & Magiati, I. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 302, 69–76.
Kanner, L. (1973). Childhood psychosis: Initial studies and new insights (pp. 189–213). Washington, DC: V. H. Winston Sons.
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Howlin, P. (2018). Course of Development. In: Volkmar, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_442-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_442-3
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