Skip to main content

Social-Emotional Behavior and Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Definition

Social-emotional (SE) development refers to the capacity to experience, express, and manage one’s emotions, as well as the ability to understand and respond to the emotional states of others. In the first few years of life, children rapidly develop social and emotional competencies that allow them to navigate increasingly complex social interactions, including establishing and maintaining relationships with others. These skills are important contributors to emotional well-being and psychological health in adulthood (Frijda 1986; Ekman 1992; Saarni et al. 2006). Many of these SE skills, however, are challenging for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). That is, children with ASD often experience difficulties in SE reciprocity – such as emotional expressiveness, regulation, and responsiveness – contributing to their difficulties in engaging appropriately in social situations (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Sigman and Capps 1997).

Emotional and social...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References and Readings

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children’s psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs, 80, 615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adrien, J. L., Faure, M., Perrot, A., Hameury, L., Garreau, B., Barthelemy, C., & Sauvage, D. (1991). Autism and family home movies: Preliminary findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(1), 43–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christinsen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., et al. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek, G. T. (1999). Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9–12 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 213–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, A., Tonge, B., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Psychopathology in children and adolescents with autism compared to young people with intellectual disability. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 36, 863–870.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, D., Warnell, F., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2014). Factors affecting age at ASD diagnosis in UK: No evidence that diagnosis age has decreased between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(6), 1974–1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (1998). Preliminary acceptability and psychometrics of the infant–toddler social and emotional assessment (ITSEA): A new adult-report questionnaire. Infant Mental Health Journal, 19, 422–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2002). Brief infant-toddler social and emotional assessment (BITSEA) manual (version 2.0). New Haven: Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Rombough, V., & McDermott, C. (2007). A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 12–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capps, L., Kasari, C., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1993). Parental perception of emotional expressiveness in children with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 475–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2000). Joint attention, cultural learning, and language acquisition: Implications for children with autism. In A. M. Wetherby & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders: A transactional developmental perspective (Communication and language intervention series, pp. 21–54). Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S. (2002). Assessing social-emotional and behavior problems and competencies in infancy and toddlerhood: Available instruments and directions for application. In B. Zuckerman, A. Lieberman, & N. Fox (Eds.), Emotion regulation and developmental health: Infancy and early childhood (pp. 277–299). New York: Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2006). The infant–toddler social and emotional assessment (ITSEA) manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Jones, S. M., & Little, T. D. (2003). The infant-toddler social and emotional assessment (ITSEA): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 495–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Davis, N. O. (2004). Assessment of young children’s social-emotional development and psychopathology: Recent advances and recommendations for practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 109–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Van Naarden Braun, K., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Surveillance Summaries, 65(3), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychology: Reactions, reflections, and projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 3–20). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, S., Young, R., & Williamson, P. (2007). Assessing the early characteristics of autistic disorder using video analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 301–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., & Moore, G. A. (2015). About face! Infant facial expression of emotion. Emotion Review, 7(2), 116–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, S. O., & Gillberg, C. (1989). Symptoms in the first two years of life. A preliminary population study of infantile autism. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 238, 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C., Ekman, P., & Prodger, P. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Giacomo, A., & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., McKinley, M., Couchoud, E. A., & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and behavioral predictors of preschool peer ratings. Child Development, 61, 1145–1152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? Psychological Review, 99, 550–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony: Biological foundations and developmental outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 340–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (1994). Autism and theory of mind in everyday life. Social Development, 3(2), 108–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K., DeVincent, C., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in preschool children with PDD and clinic and comparison samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 379–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garon, N., Bryson, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Smith, I. M., Brian, J., Roberts, W., & Szatmari, P. (2009). Temperament and its relationship to autistic symptoms in a high-risk infant sib cohort. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 59–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garon, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Smith, I. M., Brian, J., Roncadin, C., Valliancourt, T., Armstrong, V., Sacrey, L. R., & Roberts, W. (2016). Temperament and its association with autism symptoms in a high-risk population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 757–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, C., & Baird, S. (2005). Identifying early indicators for autism in self-regulation difficulties. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 106–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and Emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, D. F., Castle, J., Stimson, C. A., & Davies, L. (1995). The social construction of character in toddlerhood. In M. Killen & D. Hart (Eds.), Morality in everyday life: Developmental perspectives (pp. 23–51). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, Y., Kaneko, M., Yashima, Y., Kumashiro, H., Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1987). Clinical features of autistic children with setback course in their infancy. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 41(2), 237–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howlin, P. (2000). Outcome in adult life for more able individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4(1), 63–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasari, C., Sigman, M., Mundy, P., & Yirmiya, N. (1990). Affective sharing in the context of joint attention interactions of normal, autistic, and mentally-retarded children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20(1), 87–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasari, C., Sigman, M. D., Baumgartner, P., & Stipek, D. J. (1993). Pride and mastery in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34(3), 353–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, I. G., Feldman, M. S., Sheldrick, R. C., & Carter, A. S. (2017). Developing autism screening criteria for the brief infant toddler social emotional assessment (BITSEA). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1269–1277.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurita, H. (1985). Infantile autism with speech loss before the age of thirty months. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 191–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 849–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communicative deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo-Marin, J., Magan-Maganto, M., Rivero-Santana, A., Cuellar-Pompa, L., Alviani, M., Jenaro-Rio, C., et al. (2019). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 59, 22–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maestro, S., Muratori, F., Cesari, A., Cavallaro, M. C., Paziente, A., Pecini, C., Grassi, C., Manfredi, A., & Sommario, C. (2005). Course of autism signs in the first year of life. Psychopathology, 38(1), 26–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1995). Competence, resilience, and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder and adaptation (Vol. 2, pp. 715–752). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouton-Simien, P., McCain, A. P., & Kelley, M. L. (1997). The development of the toddler behavior screening inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 59–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, P. (1995). Joint attention and social-emotional approach behavior in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 63–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, P., & Sigman, M. (2006). Joint attention social competence and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (pp. 293–332). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newborg, J., Stock, J., Wnek, L., Guidubaldi, J., & Svinicki, J. (1984). Battelle developmental inventory: Examiner’s manual. Allen: DLMLINC Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, M., Nagai, Y., Hara, H., & Sasaki, M. (1987). Parental perception of behavioral symptoms in Japanese autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 549–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A baby siblings research consortium study. Pediatrics, 128(3), e488–e495.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Provence, S., Erickson, J., Vater, J., & Palmeri, S. (1995). The infant-toddler developmental assessment (IDA). Chicago: The Riverside Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radke-Yarrow, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1984). Roots, motives, and patterns and children’s prosocial behavior. In E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karylowski, & J. Reykowski (Eds.), The development and maintenance of prosocial behavior: International perspectives on positive morality (pp. 81–99). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Raza, S., Sacrey, L. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., Roncadin, C., & Garon, N. (2019). Relationship between early social-emotional behavior and autism spectrum disorder: A high-risk sibling study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03977-3.

  • Ricks, D. M., & Wing, L. (1975). Language, communication, and the use of symbols in normal and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 191–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., & Lord, C. (1987). Language disorders associated with psychiatric disturbance. In W. Yule & M. Rutter (Eds.), Language development and disorders (pp. 206–233). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview–revised (ADI–R) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarni, C. (1988). Emotional competence: How emotions and relationships become integrated. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Socioemotional development: Current theory and research in motivation (pp. 115–182). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saarni, C., Campos, J. J., Camras, L. A., & Witherington, D. (2006). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 226–299). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacrey, L. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Roncadin, C., Garon, N., Novak, C., Vaillancourt, T., McCormick, T., MacKinnon, B., Jildera, S., & Armstrong, V. (2015). Can parents’ concerns predict autism spectrum disorder? A prospective study of high-risk siblings from 6 to 36 months of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 470–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salovey, P. (2003). Introduction: Emotion and social processes. In R. Davidson, H. H. Goldsmith, & K. Scherer (Eds.), The handbook of affective science (pp. 747–751). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). What are emotion expressions for? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 395–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigman, M., & Capps, L. (1997). Children with autism: A developmental perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, E. (2018). Children’s developmental needs during the transition to kindergarten: What can research on social-emotional, motivational, cognitive, and self-regulatory development tell us? In A. Mashburn, J. LoCasale-Crouch, & K. Pears (Eds.), Kindergarten transition and readiness. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. (1984). Vineland adaptive behavior scales: Expanded form manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A., & Lagattuta, K. (2006). Feeling and understanding: Early emotional development. In K. McCartney & D. Phillips (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of early childhood development (pp. 317–337). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G. A., & Berridge, D. M. (2011). A population-based investigation of behavioural and emotional problems and maternal mental health: Associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(1), 91–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., Crais, E. R., Reznick, S., Dystra, J., & Perryman, T. (2007). The first year inventory: Retrospective parent responses to a questionnaire designed to identify one-year olds at risk for autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 49–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E., & Dawson, G. (2005). Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(8), 889–895.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witwer, A. N., & Lecavalier, L. (2008). Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1611–1624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, J. J., & Wetherby, A. M. (2003). Early identification of and intervention for infants and toddlers who are at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 34, 180–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.

  • Yirmiya, N., Kasari, C., Sigman, M., & Mundy, P. (1989). Facial expressions of affect in autistic, mentally retarded and normal-children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 30(5), 725–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah Raza .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Raza, S., Sacrey, LA., Zwaigenbaum, L. (2020). Social-Emotional Behavior and Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: Volkmar, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102465-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102465-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics