Skip to main content

Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q)

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • 256 Accesses

Synonyms/Abbreviations

CAT-Q

Description

The Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) is a standardized self-report measure of camouflaging behaviors in autistic and non-autistic adults. It comprises 25 items and takes around 5 min to complete, on paper or online. The scale consists of three sub-scales: compensation (strategies used to overcome social difficulties associated with autism), masking (strategies used to hide autistic characteristics or present a less autistic persona), and assimilation (strategies used to avoid standing out during social interactions). In addition to sub-scale scores, a total camouflaging score can be calculated as the sum of all scores (ranging from 25 to 175, with higher scores indicating greater camouflaging). The CAT-Q is completed by the individual themselves, reflecting on their own behaviors at the present time.

Historical Background

Camouflaging describes the use of strategies, whether deliberate or automatic, to minimize the appearance...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References and Readings

  • Bargiela, S., Steward, R., & Mandy, W. (2016). The experiences of late-diagnosed women with autism Spectrum conditions: An investigation of the female autism phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3281–3294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cage, E., Di Monaco, J., & Newell, V. (2018). Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, 9(42), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N. (2011). The quantitative nature of autistic social impairment. Pediatric Research, 69(5 Pt 2), 55R–62R. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318212ec6e.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-C., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, L., Mandy, W., Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., & Petrides, K. V. (2018). Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, L., Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., Petrides, K. V., & Mandy, W. (2019). Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults. Autism, 136236131986480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319864804.

  • Kreiser, N. L., & White, S. W. (2014). ASD in females: Are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism: Setting the scene for future research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 11–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Chakrabarti, B., Auyeung, B., Szatmari, P., et al. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism. Autism, 21(6), 690–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Ruigraok, A. N., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., et al. (2018). Neural self-representation in autistic men and women and association with ‘compensatory camouflaging’. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318807159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, V., McIntosh, H., Colvert, E., & Happé, F. (2019). A qualitative exploration of the female experience of autism Spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03906-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish-Morris, J., Liberman, M. Y., Cieri, C., Herrington, J. D., Yerys, B. E., Bateman, L., et al. (2017). Linguistic camouflage in girls with autism Spectrum disorder. Molecular Autism, 8(1), 48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Trubanova, A., White, S. W., et al. (2018). What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits and adaptive skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698–1711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, S., Burns, J., & Kilbey, E. (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 73–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura Hull .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Hull, L., Mandy, W. (2019). Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q). In: Volkmar, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102327-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102327-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics