Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Type I Diabetes and Human Microbiome

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Metagenomics

  • 148 Accesses

Synonyms

Human microbiome; Type 1 Diabetes

Definition

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islet cells by immune-mediated mechanisms. The insulin hormone helps cells use glucose for energy by helping transport glucose from the blood into the cells in the human body. In the absence of insulin, there is a buildup of glucose in the blood leading to organ damage that is potentially life threatening. T1D is correlated with a multiplicity of predisposing factors, which are genetic, immunological, and environmental.

Introduction

T1D is rising dramatically, highlighting the need for early intervention strategies able to prevent or treat the disease (CDC 2007). Data from epidemiologic studies indicate that the incidence of T1D has been increasing by 2–5 % worldwide and that the prevalence of T1D is approximately 1 in 300 in the United States by 18 years of age.

Type 1 diabetes is attributed to...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • CDC Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2007. 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2007.pdf

  • Akerblom HK, Vaarala O, et al. Environmental factors in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet. 2002;115(1):18–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alper CA, Larsen CE, et al. The haplotype structure of the human major histocompatibility complex. Hum Immunol. 2006;67(1–2):73–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, et al. Too clean, or not too clean: the hygiene hypothesis and home hygiene. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(4):402–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown CT, Davis-Richardson AG, et al. Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e25792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Goffau MC, Luopajarvi K, et al. Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with beta-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1238–44.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eizirik DL, Darville MI. Beta-cell apoptosis and defense mechanisms: lessons from type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2001;50 Suppl 1:S64–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunnet LG, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Cytokines and type 1 diabetes: a numbers game. Diabetes. 2011;60(3):697–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian WA, Lernmark A, et al. TEDDY – The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young: an observational clinical trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1079:320–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian WA, Erlich H, et al. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY): genetic criteria and international diabetes risk screening of 421 000 infants. Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;12(8):733–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hober D, Alidjinou EK. Enteroviral pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: queries and answers. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(3):263–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper LV, Littman DR, et al. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science. 2012;336(6086):1268–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton R, Gibson R, et al. Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: the MHC Haplotype Project. Immunogenetics. 2008;60(1):1–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huber A, Menconi F, et al. Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(6):697–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maritim AC, Sanders RA, et al. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathis D, Benoist C. The influence of the microbiota on type-1 diabetes: on the threshold of a leap forward in our understanding. Immunol Rev. 2012;245(1):239–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monetini L, Cavallo MG, et al. Cytokine profile and insulin antibody IgG subclasses in patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes treated with oral insulin. Diabetologia. 2004;47(10):1795–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller PW, Achenbach P, et al. Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies. Prediction and diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes. Clin Lab News 2010;36(10). http://www.aacc.org/publications/cln/2010/October/Pages/Type1DiabetesAutoantibodies.aspx#

    Google Scholar 

  • Penno MA, Couper JJ, et al. Environmental determinants of islet autoimmunity (ENDIA): a pregnancy to early life cohort study in children at-risk of type 1 diabetes. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):124.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch A. Immunoregulation by cytokines in autoimmune diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;520:159–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo A, Paolillo R, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61(Pt 11):1584–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sano Y, Hermsen JL, et al. The gut as an immune organ. Clin Nutr Highl. 2008;4(2):2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taplin CE, Barker JM. Autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity. 2008;41:11–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA

    Ramana Madupu

Authors
  1. Ramana Madupu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramana Madupu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Karen E. Nelson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Madupu, R. (2013). Type I Diabetes and Human Microbiome. In: Nelson, K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Metagenomics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6418-1_754-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6418-1_754-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6418-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation