Abstract
Psychostimulants and opioids evoke toxicity within the central nervous system (CNS), primarily linked to action of the substance (e.g., enhancement of synaptic concentrations of dopamine) or by indirect effects (increases in extrasynaptic glutamate levels, toxic metabolites). Associated with the development of drug addiction, the above mechanisms lead to the several pathological processes within the complex network of brain cell-to-cell interactions, such as alteration in neurotransmitter systems, dysregulation of energy metabolism, changes in structure of cellular membrane, apoptosis, generation of reactive species (RS), glial/microglial cell overactivation, excitotoxicity and prominent deficits in brain morphology (neuronal loss, axonal damage), alterations of transcription factors, immediate early genes and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as neurocognitive and neuropsychological impairments.
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- 5-HIAA:
-
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
- 5-HT:
-
Serotonin
- AMPA:
-
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CART:
-
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CpG:
-
Cytosine–guanine dinucleotide
- CREB:
-
cAMP response element binding
- CYP450:
-
Cytochrome P450
- DNMT:
-
DNA methyltransferase
- FADD:
-
Fas-associated death domain
- FasL:
-
Fas ligand
- fMRI:
-
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- GABA:
-
ɣ-aminobutyric acid
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HMT:
-
Histone methyltransferase
- HSP72:
-
72-kDa heat shock protein
- HVA:
-
Homovanillic acid
- MAO:
-
Monoamine oxidase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MDMA:
-
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ecstasy
- miRNA:
-
microRNA
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS:
-
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-d-aspartic acid
- OPRD:
-
Delta opioid receptor gene
- OPRK:
-
kappa opioid receptor gene
- OPRM:
-
mu opioid receptor gene
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- rCBF:
-
Cerebral blood flow
- rCMR:
-
Regional cerebral metabolic rate
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RS:
-
Reactive species
- SNP:
-
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- SPECT:
-
Single photon emission computed tomography
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- VMAT:
-
Vesicular monoamine transporter
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Niedzielska, E., Rospond, B., Pomierny-Chamioło, L., Sadakierska-Chudy, A., Filip, M. (2014). Neurotoxicity in Psychostimulant and Opiate Addiction. In: Kostrzewa, R. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5836-4_179
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