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Botulinum Neurotoxins as Therapeutics

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

Since first recognized as the cause of food-borne botulism in the early nineteenth century, botulinum toxin was suggested as a potential treatment for involuntary spasms and movements. Multiple double-blind, placebo-controlled, and open-label studies provided evidence that botulinum toxin is a powerful therapeutic tool in a variety of neurologic and other disorders including ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, urologic, orthopedic, dermatologic, secretory, painful, and cosmetic disorders. We here review the basic mechanisms of botulinum toxin action at the neuromuscular junction and discuss some of its main clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

AAN:

American Academy of Neurology

Ach:

Acetylcholine

BoNT:

Botulinum toxin

CD:

Cervical dystonia

CD-PROBE:

Cervical Dystonia Patient Registry for the Observation of Botulinum Toxin Type A Efficacy Study

EMG:

Electromyography

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

nAChRs:

Acetylcholine receptors

OMB:

Oromandibular dystonia

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PREEMPT:

Phase III Research Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

TTA:

Therapeutics and Technology Assessment

UBI:

Unilateral brow injection

VAMP:

Vesicle-associated membrane protein

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  1. Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Raja Mehanna & Joseph Jankovic

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    Richard M. Kostrzewa

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Mehanna, R., Jankovic, J. (2014). Botulinum Neurotoxins as Therapeutics. In: Kostrzewa, R. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5836-4_169

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