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Landscape Planning /Design of Shrinking Landscapes

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Sustainable Built Environments

Definition of the Subject

When thinking about sustainability, it is mainly about how to keep intact nature and environmental resources for either future generations and/or, more in terms of environmental justice, for other parts of the world. Land use and spatial planning focus on how to minimize negative effects of urban and industrial growth. Set against this context, urban shrinkage represents a new challenge. This is true due to the fact that one has to deal with the opposite phenomenon of growth – population decline and accompanying processes of de-densification – which, unemotionally, also asks the same questions as even mentioned for growth: How could land use development be steered in order to ensure quality of life of the population under conditions of decline? How high-quality and sustainable urban livelihoods can be developed? Are there visions for sustainable shrinkage?

Resource consumption is a problem particularly in cities due to the concentration of population – that is...

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Abbreviations

Demographic change:

Refers to new demographic developments that bring sustained sub-replacement fertility, a multitude of living arrangements other than marriage, the disconnection between marriage and procreation, and no stationary population. Instead, populations would face decline if not complemented by new migrants, and they will also be much older as a result of lower fertility and additional gains in longevity. Migration streams will not be able to neutralize aging, but stabilize population sizes. Demographic change brings new social challenges such as aging, integration of immigrants and other cultures, less stability of households, and high levels of poverty or exclusion among household types like single persons of all ages or single parents. It brings alterations in per capita housing and transport demand.

Ecosystem services:

Society benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems and landscapes. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services and include products like clean drinking water or recreation area and processes such as the decomposition of wastes. In 2004, the United Nations 2004 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) formalized ecosystem services and grouped them into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits.

Governance:

Governance is the activity of governing. It relates to multi-actor and multilevel decision-making that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. It consists either of a separate process or of a specific part of management or leadership processes. In the case of a nonprofit organization, governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, processes, and decision rights for a given area of responsibility. In case governance refers to land use, it deals with land management.

Landscape planning:

Landscape planning puts landscape ecology into a spatial planning context. It focuses on landscape function and ecosystem service assessment on different spatial scales. Landscape planning develops strategies for sustainable land use systems including the whole range from natural, cultural landscapes to impacted or devastated areas.

Land use:

Land use is the human modification of the natural environment, surface, or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. Urban land use is characterized by a particular high degree of imperviousness.

Perforation:

Development of patchwork settlement structures without a compact core and related creation of low-density counter settlements with implications for lower sealing rates, building and population densities. The spatial cohesion of perforated areas is low.

Shrinkage:

Shrinkage is understood primarily as the quantitative process of population decline in an area which might be the result of very different processes such as deindustrialization, demographic change, or even natural hazards.

Sprawl:

Urban sprawl is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading of impervious surface and built-up area outward of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, car-dependent development on rural or virgin land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.

Sustainability:

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. In ecology, it describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. For humans, it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well-being, which in turn depends on the well-being of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources. It includes the maintenance of landscape functions, ecosystem goods and services.

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Books and Reviews

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia for Sustainability Science and Technology, Robert A. Meyers, the Springer Editors, namely, Julia Körting, and my colleague Martin Volk for his useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 10099, Berlin, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

  2. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

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  1. Dagmar Haase
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Correspondence to Dagmar Haase .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Vivian Loftness

  2. Department of Geography Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

  3. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

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Haase, D. (2013). Landscape Planning /Design of Shrinking Landscapes. In: Loftness, V., Haase, D. (eds) Sustainable Built Environments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5828-9_213

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