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Bioethanol from Celluloses

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Renewable Energy Systems

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Definition of the Subject

Bioethanol can be produced by fermentation of sugar present in the carbohydrate fractions (i.e., hemicelluloses and cellulose) available in all lignocellulosic materials. These could be agricultural residues (e.g., wheat straw, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse), forest residues (e.g., branches, tops, saw dust, thinning material), and energy crops (e.g., salix, hemp, Miscanthus, switchgrass).

To make ethanol from cellulosic materials is very similar to making ethanol from starch. First, the carbohydrates, hemicelluloses and cellulose, have to be hydrolyzed to monomer sugars and after that fermented to ethanol by a microorganism (e.g., yeast). There are, however, two major differences compared with starch ethanol:

  • The structure of the lignocellulosic material is more difficult to break down due to stronger bonds between the sugar molecules in cellulose and the interaction between cellulose,...

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Abbreviations

Bioethanol:

Ethanol produced by fermentation of sugars from plant materials, for example, sugar, starch, or cellulose.

Enzymatic hydrolysis:

A reaction where enzymes are used to catalyze splitting of molecules to smaller units by addition of water. Here, enzymatic hydrolysis refers to splitting of cellulose to glucose.

Ethanol fermentation:

The use of microorganism, in most cases yeast, for conversion of sugars to ethanol.

Flow-sheet design:

The use of computer programs for design and/or rating of complex production facilities, usually based on a conceptual drawing (flow sheet) of the process.

Lignocellulosic material:

A common name for plant biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (e.g., hardwood, softwood, straw, bagasse).

Pentose fermentation:

Fermentation of sugars containing five carbon atoms, like xylose and arabinose, which are the main constituents in the hemicellulose fraction in agricultural residues and hardwoods.

Pretreatment:

Lignocellulosic material is by nature very recalcitrant to degradation. By pretreating the material, the structure is made more accessible for degradation by enzymes or microorganisms.

Process integration:

To design the unit operations involved in a process while considering the interaction between the units and to combine them in an optimal way. For instance, efficient use of heat and power is made possible by utilization of, for example, waste heat internally (in the plant), or externally (in a nearby plant), which can diminish requirement for expensive equipment, such as steam boilers.

Second-generation bioethanol:

Ethanol produced – in a sustainable way – from lignocellulosic materials (e.g., forest or agricultural materials).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 124, Lund, Sweden

    Mats Galbe & Guido Zacchi

Authors
  1. Mats Galbe
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  2. Guido Zacchi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guido Zacchi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. German Biomass Research Centre, Leipzig, Germany

    Martin Kaltschmitt

  2. Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

    Martin Kaltschmitt

  3. Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Nickolas J. Themelis

  4. Ormat Technologies, Inc., Reno, NV, USA

    Lucien Y. Bronicki

  5. Royal Institute of Technology, Electric Power Systems, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lennart Söder

  6. Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, School of Ocean And Earth Science And Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Luis A. Vega

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Galbe, M., Zacchi, G. (2013). Bioethanol from Celluloses . In: Kaltschmitt, M., Themelis, N.J., Bronicki, L.Y., Söder, L., Vega, L.A. (eds) Renewable Energy Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5820-3_521

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