Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
Waste is a complex issue. Disposal of waste in terms of “out of sight – out of mind” by burial on land or discharging into surface waters or by simple dumping onsite or in proximity of the origin of waste production has become a dramatic global problem and a cause for various forms of environmental degradation and severe damage to human health and the natural environment including fauna and flora. Increasing population and material wealth based on industrial production has led to tremendous waste problems. It has also led to greater understanding and the acknowledgment of resource limitations for an increasing human population on this planet. Therefore, the practice of dumping or disposal of waste must be viewed as wasteful, neglectful, and irresponsible to the needs of others and to those of future generations....
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- Combustion:
-
refers to the overall process of initial “drying” (evaporation of water), “degasification” (pyrolysis), “gasification” (of the solid carbon), and “oxidation” of the combustible gases.
- Fluidized bed:
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refers to fluid dynamics in an intensively mixed system of solid particles and gas flow which keeps the particles in dynamic movement somehow comparable to “bubbling” or “circulating,” thus the mixture behaves much like a fluid. Fluidized bed is essentially a two phase flow phenomenon comprising a bulk of solids (e.g., quartz sand) which is kept in a fluidized state by an upward flow of gas (e.g., air) with velocities exceeding the minimum fluidization velocity. Thus the fluidized bed regime is characterized by intense movement of the solid particles resulting in high rates of heat and mass transfer. “Bubbling” and “circulating” fluidized bed systems can be distinguished depending on the gas velocity within the reaction chamber. In an “externally circulating” system the solids inventory is transported out of the reactor by gas flow at transport velocity.
- Waste:
-
in the context of waste-to-energy typically refers to materials technically suitable for thermal treatment with ultimate oxidation of combustible matter. Treatment of waste may be necessary because of legal requirements for environmental protection (e.g., in order to destroy hazardous and other biologically or chemically reactive organic materials) or because of an economic advantage for recovery of energy by combustion of waste materials with a relevant calorific value (e.g., plastic wastes with high calorific value comparable to crude oil or bark and sawdust as a waste from processing wood). In advanced waste management regulations, the disposal of wastes exceeding 5% total organic carbon (with some specific but limited exemptions) is legally prohibited in several European countries (e.g., in Austria, Germany, Switzerland).
Bibliography
Primary Literature
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Books and Reviews
Gleis M et al. (2011) German experiences with thermal treatment processes. In: Seventh international congress & exhibition for energy efficiency & renewable for south east Europe, Sofia, 13–15 April 2011
Grabda M et al. (2011) Waste to energy – practices and technologies in Japan. In: Seventh international congress & exhibition for energy efficiency & renewable for south east Europe, Sofia, 13–15 April 2011
Thomé-Kozmiensky K (1993) Reaktoren zur thermischen Abfallbehandlung, EF – Verlag für Energie und Umwelttechnik GmbH, Berlin
Thomé-Kozmiensky K (1994) Thermische Abfallbehandlung, EF – Verlag für Energie und Umwelttechnik GmbH, Berlin
Wlilén C et al. (2004) Finnish expert report on best available techniques in energy production from solid recovered fuels, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki
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Neubacher, F.P. (2013). Waste-to-Energy: Fluidized Bed Technology. In: Kaltschmitt, M., Themelis, N.J., Bronicki, L.Y., Söder, L., Vega, L.A. (eds) Renewable Energy Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5820-3_405
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