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Biomass Provision and Use , Sustainability Aspects

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Renewable Energy Systems

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Definition of the Subject

Biomass is the most relevant renewable energy source covering roughly 12% of the global energy demand [8]. It is usually defined as material of biological origin (i.e., plant and animal) on the Earth’s surface, excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or transformed to fossil, which is used directly as a fuel or converted into other forms of energy carrier before combustion. Biomass may be also used for its chemical components [1, 9, 10]. Usually one may include in the term biomass trees, crops, algae, and other plants, as well as agricultural and forest residues. Additionally, many materials are considered to be a biomass, such as wastes including food and drink manufacturing effluents, sludge, manures, industrial (organic) by-products, and the organic fraction of the household waste [10]. Other definitions include also ecological aspects of biomass, defined for example as the amount of living organisms per area, habitat, or region [11, 12]....

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Abbreviations

Agricultural residues:

Biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas [1].

Bioenergy:

Energy from biomass [1].

Biofuel:

Fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass [1].

Biomass:

Material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or transformed to fossil. (1) Herbaceous biomass: Biomass from plants that has a non-woody stem and which dies back at the end of the growing season. (2) Fruit biomass: Biomass from the parts of a plant which hold seeds. (3) Woody biomass: Biomass from trees, bushes, and shrubs [1].

Biomass residues:

Biomass originating from well-defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry, and related industrial operations [1].

Carbon leakages:

Increase of the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in one country as a result of the climate change mitigation activity in another country by, i.e., relocation of the energy-intensive production to the country with less restrictive environmental law. The opposite situation (reduction of the GHG emissions in one country as a result of climate mitigation policy in another country), known as spill-over, is also possible [2, 3].

Carbon-rich soils:

Soils with very high carbon content, such as wetlands, peatlands, etc.

Cereal crops:

Annual crops grown with the main purpose to use the seed for food production. Some cereal crops (barley, wheat, rye, oat) can be used as a solid biofuel [1].

Certification system:

The system of assuring the sustainable production of the biomass or biomass fuel.

Climate change:

Change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or due to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use [2].

CO2 equivalent:

(1) Concentration: The concentration of carbon dioxide that would cause the same amount of radiative forcing as a given mixture of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. (2) Emission: The amount of CO2 emission that would cause the same radiative forcing as an emitted amount of a well-mixed greenhouse gas, or a mixture of well-mixed greenhouse gases, all multiplied with their respective Global Warming Potentials to take into account the differing times they remain in the atmosphere [2].

Energy crops:

Woody or herbaceous crops grown specifically for their fuel value [1].

Energy forest trees:

Woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry [1].

Energy:

(1) Primary energy: Energy forms without technical conversion (e.g., coal, lignite, raw biomass, wind energy). (2) Secondary energy: Energy produced by the conversion of the primary energy carriers (e.g., coal briquettes, gasoline, heating oil, electrical energy). (3) End energy: Energy available for the end-consumer (e.g., heating oil in the oil tank, pellets at the oven, electrical energy before the electricity meter). (4) Useful energy: Energy used by the consumer after the last conversion to satisfy demands such as meal preparation, heating, etc. [4].

Energy efficiency:

The ratio of energy in the energy carrier to the energy obtained after the conversion.

Fixed carbon:

Remainder after the percentage of total moisture, total ash, and volatile matter are subtracted from 100 ([1], Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992).

Forest:

Defined under the Kyoto Protocol as a minimum area of land of 0.05–1.0 ha with tree-crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10–30% with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 2–5 m at maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storey and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or of open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations that have yet to reach a crown density of 10–30% or tree height of 2–5 m are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area that are temporarily un-stocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest [2].

Fuel:

Energy carrier intended for energy conversion. Fuels may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, and they may originate from biomass, waste, and/or fossil material [1].

Greenhouse gases (GHGs):

Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere (natural and anthropogenic) that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds. Most important GHGs are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3), as well as purely human-made GHGs: halocarbons, other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons [2].

ILUC:

Indirect Land Use Change, land use change which occurs outside the production boundary of a feedstock, but which is caused by a change in the use or level of output of that feedstock [5].

Landscape management residues:

Residues of woody, herbaceous, and fruit biomass originating from landscape, park, and cemetery management [1].

LUC:

Land Use Change (usually understood as direct Land Use Change), change of the land cover (physical and biological cover over the surface of land, including water, vegetation, bare soil, and/or artificial structures) as a consequence of the human activities such as agriculture, forestry, and building construction that alter land surface processes including biogeochemistry, hydrology, and biodiversity [6].

LULUCF:

Land use, land use change and forestry, a greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land use change, and forestry activities [3].

Short rotation plants:

Woody biomass grown as a raw material and/or for its energy value in short rotation plantations [1].

Sustainability:

The ability to develop in such a way, that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Adopted from [7]).

GJ:

Gigajoule = 109 J.

TJ:

Terajoule = 1012 J.

PJ:

Petajoule = 1015 J.

EJ:

Exajoule = 1018 J.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ), Torgauer Str. 116, Leipzig, Germany

    Daniela Thrän & Marek Gawor

  2. Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Torgauer Str. 116, Leipzig, Germany

    Daniela Thrän

Authors
  1. Daniela Thrän
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  2. Marek Gawor
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Correspondence to Daniela Thrän .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. German Biomass Research Centre, Leipzig, Germany

    Martin Kaltschmitt

  2. Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

    Martin Kaltschmitt

  3. Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Nickolas J. Themelis

  4. Ormat Technologies, Inc., Reno, NV, USA

    Lucien Y. Bronicki

  5. Royal Institute of Technology, Electric Power Systems, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lennart Söder

  6. Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, School of Ocean And Earth Science And Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Luis A. Vega

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Thrän, D., Gawor, M. (2013). Biomass Provision and Use , Sustainability Aspects. In: Kaltschmitt, M., Themelis, N.J., Bronicki, L.Y., Söder, L., Vega, L.A. (eds) Renewable Energy Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5820-3_246

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