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Solar Cells , Chalcopyrite-Based Thin Film

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Developments in photovoltaics technologies aim for solutions that allow manufacturing of efficient photovoltaic modules at low cost. The chalcopyrite-type compounds Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) or (CIS) are semiconductors which could significantly contribute as thin-film materials to the future share of photovoltaics in the supply of electrical power. In a long-lasting process of understanding the specific properties, CIGS became one of the most attractive materials for efficient thin-film photovoltaic modules. The remarkable attention received by CIGS as a future material for thin-film solar cells results from the specific properties of this fascinating semiconductor:

  • Lab cell efficiencies beyond 20%

  • Very high flexibility for manufacturing

  • Free choice of substrates (glass or flexible foils)

The high-efficiency potential makes it one of the most important materials for thin-film photovoltaic technologies.

Introduction

The history of CIGS began in the early 1950s when...

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Abbreviations

Chalcopyrite compounds:

These compounds originate from the mineral CuFeS2 and are composed of elements with valence states I–III–VI2. Due to ordering of the different cations, the unit cell is a doubled zinc blende unit cell.

Defects:

Disorders of the crystal lattice either intrinsically (vacancies, interstitials, antisites) or by extrinsic impurities. Photovoltaic quality of the material depends on the concentration of defects.

Grain boundaries:

Interfaces between different grains.

Heterojunctions:

In contrast to pn junctions formed by doping a homogeneous semiconductor, heterojunctions use to two different semiconductors.

High efficiency:

Present high-efficiency PV modules reach efficiencies 15% to over 20% in production.

Polycrystalline thin films:

The films consist of single grain with a size in the order of the thickness of the film or smaller. Typical grain sizes are in the 0.1–5 μm range.

Thin-film solar cells:

Solar cells that are produced by technologies that allow deposition of materials on very large areas. Depending on the absorber material, thicknesses are in the range of 0.1–20 μm.

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  1. Institut Technologie, Solar Forschung Division, Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany

    Dr. Hans-Werner Schock

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  1. Plataforma Solar de Almeria Institute of Solar Research DLR – German Aerospace Centre, Cologne, Germany

    Christoph Richter

  2. Institute of Research and Development of Photovoltaic Energy, Chatou Cedex, France

    Daniel Lincot

  3. Solar Consulting Services, Colebrook, NH, USA

    Christian A. Gueymard

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Schock, HW. (2013). Solar Cells , Chalcopyrite-Based Thin Film. In: Richter, C., Lincot, D., Gueymard, C.A. (eds) Solar Energy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5806-7_464

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