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Silicon Solar Cells , Crystalline

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Solar Energy

Definition

Solar cells are sources of electrical energy when they are illuminated by solar radiations . They deliver to a load a photocurrent and a photovoltage . First used for space applications, solar cells were progressively taken into account for terrestrial applications. The main problems to solve are, today, the photovoltaic energy cost which is too high and the conversion efficiency which is limited. Most of the cells are based on a p–n junction made with a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. When both materials are the same, the cell is based on a homojunction. When the materials are different, the cell is based on a heterojunction. One silicon cell, 15.6 × 15.6 cm2, can deliver 7–9 A under ∼0.6 V only, and for this reason, the cells are connected in modules in order to provide a substantial electrical power (about 100–250 W). The semiconductor silicon is known as an extremely pure material; 9 N purity level is...

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Abbreviations

Antireflection coating layer (ARC):

Layer deposited on the illuminated surface of a cell which reduces the reflection of the light.

Dislocations:

Lack or additional line of atoms in the crystal.

Gettering process:

Extraction of unwanted impurities and trapping in a region of a wafer which does not contribute to the photocurrent.

Grain boundary (GB):

Border zone of two adjacent crystalline grains.

Homojunction (heterojunction):

Part of a semiconductor diode which separates a p-type region from an n-type one made with the same material (in a heterojunction, the materials are different).

Minority carrier lifetime τ and diffusion length L:

Duration and distance run by an electron in excess (generated by the sunlight) in p-type silicon or by a hole in excess in n-type silicon.

Minority carrier diffusion length L:

Distance run by carriers in excess.

Multicrystalline silicon:

Large grained polycrystalline material, a few mm to 1 cm in size.

Passivation:

Mechanism which reduces the electrical activity of crystallographic defects, of surfaces, of interfaces, and of unwanted impurities.

Precipitates:

Agglomeration of impurity atoms within the crystal.

Solar cell conversion efficiency η:

Ratio of the electrical power output to the sunlight power input.

Texturization:

Chemical or physical technique which increases the roughness of the surface in order to reduce the light reflection and the diffusion.

Wafer:

Trench of silicon cut out from an ingot, ∼200 μm in thickness.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly University of Marseilles, 21 la Joinville, 13400, Marseilles, France

    Dr. Santo Martinuzzi (Formerly Professor Emeritus)

  2. CNRS-INESS, Strasbourg, France

    Abdelillah Slaoui

  3. LGEP, Paris, France

    Jean-Paul Kleider

  4. INL-INSA, Lyon, France

    Mustapha Lemiti

  5. CNRS, Grenoble, France

    Christian Trassy

  6. CNRS, Thiais, France

    Claude Levy-Clement

  7. INES-CEA, Le Bourget du Lac, France

    Sébastien Dubois, Remi Monna & Yves Veschetti

  8. University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France

    Isabelle Périchaud

  9. Photowatt International S.A, Bourgoin Jailleu, France

    Nam Le Quang

  10. Apollon Solar, Lyon, France

    Jed Kraiem

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  1. Dr. Santo Martinuzzi
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  12. Jed Kraiem
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Correspondence to Santo Martinuzzi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Plataforma Solar de Almeria Institute of Solar Research DLR – German Aerospace Centre, Cologne, Germany

    Christoph Richter

  2. Institute of Research and Development of Photovoltaic Energy, Chatou Cedex, France

    Daniel Lincot

  3. Solar Consulting Services, Colebrook, NH, USA

    Christian A. Gueymard

Abbreviations

EUPVSEC

European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conferences

IEEE-PVSC

Photovoltaic Specialist Conferences

SOLMAT

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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Martinuzzi, S. et al. (2013). Silicon Solar Cells , Crystalline. In: Richter, C., Lincot, D., Gueymard, C.A. (eds) Solar Energy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5806-7_461

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