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Multiple Sclerosis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Evidence-Based Neuroimaging

  • Reference work entry
Evidence-Based Neuroimaging Diagnosis and Treatment

Part of the book series: Evidence-Based Imaging ((Evidence-Based Imag.))

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Abstract

Among the demyelinating diseases (characterized by destruction of normal myelin with relative preservation of the axon) affecting the CNS, multiple sclerosis is the most common [1, 2]. While the etiology of multiple sclerosis remains uncertain, the current most widely held view is that MS is an autoimmune process resulting from the interplay of environmental factors in those with a genetic predisposition [3]. The mechanism of injury includes inflammation, focal demyelination, and variable degrees of axonal destruction [4, 5]. At pathologic evaluation, the microscopic appearance will vary based on the activity of disease, with active lesions demonstrating perivascular and parenchymal inflammation with associated macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration, and inactive lesions demonstrating hypocellularity, astrogliosis, and loss of oligodendrocytes [1]. Remyelination may occur with early MS lesions (“shadow plaques”), though histologically, the myelin density in these areas is diminished with sparse or absent remyelination seen in chronic MS plaques [6]. MS lesions are distributed throughout the CNS with a predilection for involvement of the periventricular white matter, corpus callosum, optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum [5]. MS exhibits a wide diversity of neurologic signs and symptoms, with the clinical presentation largely based on location of the demyelinating lesion[s].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA

    Michael E. Zapadka & Annette J. Johnson

Authors
  1. Michael E. Zapadka
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  2. Annette J. Johnson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael E. Zapadka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neuroradiology-Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  2. Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  3. Former Lecturer in Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  4. Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Pina C. Sanelli

  5. Department of Radiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Jeffrey G. Jarvik

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Zapadka, M.E., Johnson, A.J. (2013). Multiple Sclerosis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Evidence-Based Neuroimaging. In: Medina, L.S., Sanelli, P.C., Jarvik, J.G. (eds) Evidence-Based Neuroimaging Diagnosis and Treatment. Evidence-Based Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3320-0_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3320-0_10

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  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3319-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3320-0

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